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Statistical Machine Translation and Comparable Corpora
Published in Krzysztof Wołk, Machine Learning in Translation Corpora Processing, 2019
where az is an n-gram starting with word a and ending with word z, _z is the n–1 word suffix of the n-gram, f(az) is a distribution function that represents observations of the n-gram observed in training data, bow(a_) is a back-off weight8 for the n-gram, and p(_z) is a low-order distribution used if the n-gram has not been observed in the training data. The distribution function f(az) is discounted so that it is less than the maximum likelihood estimate. Lastly, the “?’’ symbol in the equation is the ternary operator (a.k.a. the conditional operator), which is similar to an if-then-else construct.
Behavioral Modeling
Published in Joseph Cavanagh, ® HDL Digital Design and Modeling, 2017
Conditional statements alter the flow within a behavior based upon certain conditions. The choice among alternative statements depends on the Boolean value of an expression. The alternative statements can be a single statement or a block of statements delimited by the keywords begin. .. end. The keywords if and else are used in conditional statements. There are three categories of the conditional statement as shown below. A true value is 1 or any nonzero value; a false value is 0, x, or z. If the evaluation is false, then the next expression in the activity flow is evaluated.
Introduction to Logic Design Using Verilog HDL
Published in Joseph Cavanagh, Verilog HDL Design Examples, 2017
Conditional statements alter the flow within a behavior based upon certain conditions. The choice among alternative statements depends on the Boolean value of an expression. The alternative statements can be a single statement or a block of statements delimited by the keywords begin . . . end. The keywords if and else are used in conditional statements. There are three categories of the conditional statement as shown below. A true value is 1 or any nonzero value; a false value is 0, x, or z. If the evaluation is false, then the next expression in the activity flow is evaluated.
Development of a CNC interpretation service with good performance and variable functionality
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2022
Benefitting from these advantages, STEP/STEP-NC is quite attractive to build an interoperable platform for collaborative CAD/CAPP/CAM/CNC systems that integrate various manufacturing processes (Nassehi, Liu, and Newman 2007; Wang and Xu 2012; Gómez et al. 2021), as well as implement intelligent manufacturing at the CNC level (such as in-process feedrate optimization) (Ridwan, Xu, and Liu 2010; Ridwan and Xu 2013). However, STEP-NC has rarely been used in practice thanks to its large specifications which are still under development, and its complicated implementation methods which ask CNCs must be able to either handle the EXPRESS models directly or map to ISO 10303 Integrated Resources ISO14649–1. A truly intelligent and adaptive STEP-NC controller is still expected (Lu, Xu, and Wang 2020). As a result, G code remains the most familiar NC programming language and more and more high-level syntax rules have been integrated into it, such as parameterized programming (Goncalves et al. 2020), conditional statement, cycle statement, and more. Therefore, the CNC interpretation service proposed in this paper mainly centers on G code.
University students turning computer programming into an instrument for ‘authentic’ mathematical work
Published in International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 2020
Chantal Buteau, Ghislaine Gueudet, Eric Muller, Joyce Mgombelo, Ana Isabel Sacristán
These syntax-based programming languages were not conceived for learning or teaching, and neither were they conceived for specifically conducting, automating, and/or enabling mathematical work (to contrast with e.g. Maple or GeoGebra). In order to make the technology ‘do’ mathematics, the individual would need to program a mathematical process; this means to combine, in a certain way, different computational concepts (such as loops and conditional statements) articulated in the selected programming language; e.g. the process of checking the primality of a positive integer involves a loop and a conditional statement (see Figure 3, right). Those computational concepts could be seen as artefacts themselves, similar to considering commands from the Maple menu such as LinearSolve(matrix) and plot(f,x). As such, the artefact in our context can be viewed at two different levels: syntax-based programming language, together with an IDE; e.g. VB.net in Visual Studio;collection of computational concepts (Brennan & Resnick, 2012) – e.g. loop, decision control – articulated in the programming language, together with an IDE.
Fuzzy-modeling with Particle Swarm Optimization for enhancing the production of biodiesel from Microalga
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Ahmed M. Nassef, Enas Taha Sayed, Hegazy Rezk, Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, Cristina Rodriguez, A.G. Olabi
Since it has appeared in the sixties of the last century, FL has become one of the important techniques in systems’ modeling and control. One of the advantage of using FL is in case of uncertain, noisy or ambiguous data. The output of the fuzzy system is usually obtained after certain sequential processes or steps; fuzzification, inference system, and defuzzification. The first process is the fuzzification, which converts the input variable crisp value to a fuzzy value. Each input or output variable is represented by fuzzy membership functions (MFs) describes the degree of belonging of each variable to these MFs. The core of the inference system is the rule-based system. Each rule takes the IF (antecedent) THEN (consequent) form which represents a solution of a certain case. These rules are usually built with the help of an expert on the process to be controlled. A direct and simple form of a fuzzy conditional statement is: