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Introduction to computer architecture
Published in Joseph D. Dumas, Computer Architecture, 2016
Software-related developments during the third generation of computing included the advent of timesharing operating systems (including the first versions of UNIX). Virtual memory became commonly used, and new, more efficient computer languages were developed. Although third-generation hardware was becoming more complex, computer languages were being simplified. Combined Programming Language (CPL), developed circa 1964 at Cambridge University and the University of London, was an attempt to streamline the complicated Algol language by incorporating only its most important features. Ken Thompson of Bell Laboratories continued the trend of simplifying computer languages (and their names), introducing the B language in 1970. Move to the head of the class if you can guess which language he helped develop next!
Selective aqueous-phase hydrogenation of furfural to cyclopentanol over Ni-based CNT catalysts
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Haihong Xia, Jing Li, Jun Zhao, Minghao Zhou, Jianchun Jiang
Additionally, reaction temperature on the conversion of FFA to CPL was studied in Figure 7(c). The standard reaction conditions were 100 mg of FFA, reaction time of 4 h and 10 mg (15 + 5) wt% NiCu/CNT catalyst in water. The effect of reaction temperature on FFA conversion in water was investigated in the temperature range of 140℃∼180℃. The results showed that the conversion of FFA and the yield of CPL gradually increased with the reaction temperature increased from 140℃ to 160℃. When the reaction temperature was at 160℃, FFA achieved complete conversion and the highest yield of CPL was 88%. When the reaction temperature was continuously raised to 180℃, no changes in the FFA conversion and CPL yield was observed, which further indicated that CPL could exist stably in water. Therefore, the optimal temperature for the reaction is 160℃.
An ultrashort throw ratio projection lens design based on a catadioptric structure
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2018
In order to minimize the length of the optical axis, the second lens group and the third lens group in the CPL are hybrids, as shown in Figure 1(b). The second lens group consists of surface 1 and surface 2, the third lens group includes surface 3 and surface 4, with surface 1 and surface 4 being refractive surfaces, and surface 2 and surface 3 reflective surfaces. Following the optical path shown in Figure 1(b), the ray moves in sequence from surface 1 to surface 2, surface 3, and surface 4 before finally reach the projection screen. It should also be noted that the CPL and the collimating lens are independent optical elements. In order to ensure easy alignment for energy translation, the pupil of the CPL and the collimating lens should be designed to coincide with external stop in the UST lens (10,11). In this kind of design, pupil matching is very important for energy translation. When the external stop position of the CPL coincides with the external stop position of the collimating lens, the energy will be more fully translated and the optical loss will be much smaller.
On duality for nonconvex minimization problems within the framework of abstract convexity
Published in Optimization, 2022
Ewa M. Bednarczuk, Monika Syga
Recall that, we assume that . Following the classical (convex) approach (see, e.g. Boţ [15] and Bonnans, Shapiro [16]), we introduce the conjugate dual to (P) by the formula When , , and the coupling c is given by (cpl), by (11), the Φ-conjugate dual (GCD) takes the form where . For dual problems resulting from other coupling functions c, see, e.g. [19].When , and the set Φ is symmetric, i.e. , problem (CD) takes the form (c.f. Corollary 5.2 of [12].)When , , and and the problem () becomes the Φ-infimal convolution dual (ICD) as introduced in [14], In general, when and Φ is not symmetric we have