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Advancements and Innovation in Digital Marketing and SEO
Published in Abid Hussain, Garima Tyagi, Sheng-Lung Peng, IoT and AI Technologies for Sustainable Living, 2023
Anubha Jain, Chhavi Jain, Rahul G. Kargal, Salini Suresh
The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson. ARPANET was created by Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, which allowed information transmission over long distances. Alan Emtage created the first search engine, Archie in 1990. A template indexing method was also created by Alan to index documents, images, sounds, and services on the network. Archie was not capable enough to use keywords to find related documents like modern search engines do. With the growing popularity of Archie, two more search engines were created – Veronica and Jughead. First bot or spider, World Wide Web Wanderer, was created in 1993. Due to server lag, websites crashed and it became a problem and caused distrust for bots. Later ALIWEB was developed which allowed owners for submitting their site for inclusion in search index.
The Evolution of Cloud Computing
Published in John W. Rittinghouse, James F. Ransome, Cloud Computing, 2017
John W. Rittinghouse, James F. Ransome
The TCP/IP protocol was deployed to the ARPANET, but not all sites were all that willing to convert to the new protocol. To force the matter to a head, the TCP/IP team turned off the NCP network channel numbers on the ARPANET IMPs twice. The first time they turned it off for a full day in mid-1982, so that only sites using TCP/IP could still operate. The second time, later that fall, they disabled NCP again for two days. The full switchover to TCP/IP happened on January 1, 1983, without much hassle. Even after that, however, there were still a few ARPANET sites that were down for as long as three months while their systems were retrofitted to use the new protocol. In 1984, the U.S. Department of Defense made TCP/IP the standard for all military computer networking, which gave it a high profile and stable funding. By 1990, the ARPANET was retired and transferred to the NSFNET. The NSFNET was soon connected to the CSNET, which linked universities around North America, and then to the EUnet, which connected research facilities in Europe. Thanks in part to the National Science Foundation’s enlightened management, and fueled by the growing popularity of the web, the use of the Internet exploded after 1990, prompting the U.S. government to transfer management to independent organizations starting in 1995.
The First Internet
Published in Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez, Network Evolution and Applications, 2023
Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez
“Internet” is the most common and popular technology today that everyone must be familiar with, considering it has gained so much importance to us. The evolution of this giant worldwide network that we call “Internet” has not been a single-day story, and not a single person can be said as the father of Internet. The reason is that it holds a long list of pioneers whose contributions are important to its development. This includes a number of scientists, researchers, and scholars who were part of the development. From ideation to formulation into concepts then to implementation to operationalization, its journey has been very interesting historically. The development of ARPANET network was a milestone in its journey and is considered the birth of Internet [1–9].
The internet of things for smart manufacturing: A review
Published in IISE Transactions, 2019
Hui Yang, Soundar Kumara, Satish T.S. Bukkapatnam, Fugee Tsung
The Internet’s reach and connectivity have touched every aspect of human endeavor. It is estimated that around 47% of the world population were internet users in 2015 (Telecommunication Development Bureau, 2017). Figure 1 shows the evolution from before the Internet to the IoT. In the pre-Internet stage, telecommunication advanced from the concept of the “speaking telegraph” by Innocenzo Manzetti in 1844 through the first New York to Chicago phone call by Alexander Bell in 1892 to the burgeoning mobile and smart phone technologies. In 1960, the US Department of Defense funded the ARPANET project to develop the first prototype of Internet – interconnected computer networks for fault-tolerant communications. From the 1960s to the 1990s, the world saw rapid developments of content materials in the Internet such as emails, information, entertainment, web browsing, and HTML webpages. After the 1990s, the internet began to provide more services to individual users and business users such as online auctions, retailing, shopping, advertisements, search, and financial transactions. Since the 2000s, social networks have facilitated interconnectivity among billions of people, e.g., Linkedin, Facebook, and Twitter. Also, massive open online courses websites are increasingly establishing an internet of students for teaching and education. Most recently, we have witnessed the shift from the internet of people to the IoT. More and more “smart” devices are connected to the Internet. It is estimated that there will be 212 billion “things” connected to the internet by 2020 (International Data Corp, 2018). The manufacturing industry is also moving towards the new “smart factory,” which is envisioned as a cyber-physical system that (Smart Manufacturing Leadership Council, 2018):