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Excreta disposal in low and middle income countries
Published in Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem, Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, 2018
Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem
Effective FSM requires a ‘road-based’ network, with a fleet of tanker trucks or other appropriate vehicles, which are the analogue of the pipe-based network in a sewer system. The cost of setting this up and maintaining it should be considered as a part of the cost of on-site sanitation in a large city. Including it reduces the cost advantage of on-site systems mentioned earlier in this section. It has long been known that the cost of simplified sewerage (see Section 8.8) is similar to the cost of pit latrines when the population density is more than about 150 people/ha (Sinnatamby et al. 1986). Recent lifetime costing studies (Manga and Evans 2016) have shown it can be considerably lower in the long run, when all costs are factored in.
Global issues
Published in David Butler, Christopher Digman, Christos Makropoulos, John W. Davies, Urban Drainage, 2018
David Butler, Christopher Digman, Christos Makropoulos, John W. Davies
Simplified sewerage (also known as shallow or condominial sewerage) is similar to conventional separate foul sewerage except it is reduced to the basics and less-conservative assumptions are used in its design. Thus, sewer diameters, depths, and gradients are reduced compared with conventional systems, and locally available materials are utilised. Hydraulic design is also similar to conventional foul sewers as described in Chapter 9 (see Table 23.4).
Low-income communities
Published in David Butler†, John W. Davies††, Urban Drainage, 2000
David Butler†, John W. Davies††
Simplified sewerage (also known as shallow or condominial sewerage) is similar to conventional separate foul sewerage except it is reduced to the basics and less-conservative assumptions are used in its design. Thus, sewer diameters, depths and gradients are reduced compared with conventional systems, and locally-available materials are utilised. Hydraulic design is also similar to conventional foul sewers as described in Chapter 10 (see Table 23.4).
A comprehensive framework for analyzing co-production of urban water and sanitation services in the Global South
Published in Water International, 2019
Giuseppe Faldi, Federica Natalia Rosati, Luisa Moretto, Jacques Teller
From a techno-environmental perspective, in Global South cities, water supply co-production usually includes socio-technical arrangements that are either decentralized (e.g., community urban well, rainwater harvesting system) or hybrid (unofficial network extensions of centralized piped water systems, possibly integrating municipal water with new water sources and/or the use of complementary technology), which extend proportionally to the deficiencies of the centralized system (Allen et al., 2017; Bakker, 2003; Domenech, 2011; Moretto et al., 2018). Co-production of sanitation systems mainly involves on-site facilities (e.g., shared pit latrine and septic tank, biogas production system) or simplified sewerage systems connected to decentralized wastewater treatment plants (Allen, 2010; Domenech, 2011; Moretto et al., 2018; Wilderer & Schreff, 2000).