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What are deep excavations?
Published in John Endicott, Deep Excavations in Soil, 2020
To an average person, deep excavation might conjure up thoughts of massive deep open cast gold mines. These can take dozens of years to excavate with more than a million tonnes of earth removed in one day. The largest of these goes down 700m [1], deep enough to accommodate a 230-floor tower without appearing above the original ground level, nearly as big as Burj Khalifa (829.8m) and more than Tokyo Skytree (634m) and Shanghai Tower (632m). Such deep excavations for mining rock ore are generally in undeveloped terrain. Engineering for deep open cast mines requires substantial input from rock mechanics engineers. Deep excavations in soil are generally not as deep as open cast mines and necessitate much more gentle slopes or retaining walls to hold up the sides.
Double-Skin Façade History, Part II
Published in Mary Ben Bonham, Bioclimatic Double-Skin Façades, 2019
Shanghai Tower (Shanghai, China, 2015), designed by Gensler, is a 121-story tower conceived as a ‘vertical city’ of mixed uses to accommodate more than twenty thousand people. The megatall building has a gently twisting form that tapers as it rises to 632 m (2,073 ft) in height. The tower’s footprint shifts with every level as the tilted outer skin of the DSF enclosure rotates 120 degrees from base to top. The aerodynamically engineered form reduces lateral wind loads, greatly reducing the amount of overall structure required. The main building structure has a cylindrical steel mega frame surrounding a concrete core. While the outer skin is cam-shaped in plan (roughly triangular in plan with curved instead of sharp corners), the tower’s inner IGU skin is vertical and follows the perimeter of circular floor plates. The curtain wall’s laminated single-glazed outer skin is suspended from a hoop ring supported by radial steel struts extending from the edge of occupied floors. Three crescent-like spaces are formed as the horizontal gap between the two skins enlarges at the building corners. The tower is divided vertically into sections by mechanical floors that extend the full breadth of the cam shape. The geometry forms multistory atrium spaces between the two skins.37
Integrative Design of Complex-Shaped Tall Buildings
Published in Kyoung Sun Moon, Cantilever Architecture, 2018
Employing twisted forms for tall buildings is a recent architectural phenomenon. Twisted forms employed for today’s tall buildings can be understood as a reaction to rectangular box forms of modern architecture. In fact, this contemporary architectural phenomenon is not new in architecture. It is comparable to twisted forms of Mannerism architecture towards the end of Renaissance period. For example, in Cortile della Cavallerizza at Palazzo Ducale in Mantua, Giulio Romano designed twisted columns. This twisted form can be found again in today’s tall building designs such as the Shanghai Tower in Shanghai designed by Gensler, Cayan Tower in Dubai by SOM, and Chicago Spire project in Chicago by Calatrava.
A study on main architectural and structural design considerations of contemporary supertall buildings
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2021
Hüseyin Emre Ilgın, Bekir Özer Ay, Mehmet Halis Gunel
As seen in Figure 9, outriggered frame systems with 66% are predominantly utilized. The reasons behind this dominance can be its advantages such as minimization of the hindrance caused by large external structural elements, flexibility in perimeter column arrangements and hence relatively more freedom of the façade design, and great height potential as in the cases of Shanghai Tower (Shanghai, 2015, 632 m) and Merdeka PNB 118 (Kuala Lumpur, under construction, 644 m), where perimeter column spacings reach up to 27 m.