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Hydrology
Published in Robert H. Kadlec, Treatment Marshes for Runoff and Polishing, 2019
In some instances, computer simulation methods may be warranted. There are several well-developed software packages that may be employed. MODFLOW is a computer program of the US Geological Survey (USGS) that numerically solves the three-dimensional ground-water flow equation for a porous medium by using a finite-difference method (Harbaugh et al., 2000; Harbaugh, 2005). MODFLOW was employed in the design of STA34 (Montgomery Watson Americas, Inc., 1999).The SEEP2D software was developed by the United States Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station to model a variety of problems involving seepage (Jones, 1999). Sangoyomi et al. (2011) conducted a seepage analysis for STA-3/4 based on a SEEP2D model. They determined empirical bank loss coefficients in the range of 0.035–0.21 cubic meters per second per meter of head difference per kilometer of levee length (m3/s)/m/km), depending upon position around the wetland perimeter.DRAINMOD is a hydrologic modeling package originally developed to simulate agricultural drainage systems in poorly drained soils like those of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina (Skaggs, 1978). It has been reported for simulating Carolina bays wetlands (Caldwell et al., 2007).
Estimation of seepage losses from cracked rigid canal liners using finite element modeling
Published in Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2023
Doaa A. El-Molla, Mohamed G. Eltarabily
The results are presented as the phreatic line, vectors that show the velocity directions and magnitudes, contours of the total head, flow lines, and the amount of flow passing through flux sections. It is worth mentioning that SEEP/W has been tested to simulate seepage from the earth and lined canals in many previous studies (Eltarabily et al. 2015; Hosseinzadeh Asl et al. 2020; Salmasi and Abraham 2020; Elkamhawy et al. 2021; El-Molla and El-Molla 2021b) and the model proved to be reliable. In addition, Kamanbedast and Delvari (2012) reported that the seepage discharge calculated for an earth dam using ANSYS numerical model was less than that calculated using Geostudio-SEEP/W by 18%. Also, Abdel-Kawy et al. (2021) compared the performance of SEEP/W and SEEP2D finite element numerical models for a zoned earth dam and concluded that SEEP/W gives better results when the ratio between the lowest and highest hydraulic conductivities was less than 0.001, which is applicable in this study on the ratio between the hydraulic conductivities of the lining material and base soil. Based on all the aforementioned reasons, SEEP/W numerical model was selected to perform this study.