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Wastewater Collection System
Published in Subhash Verma, Varinder S. Kanwar, Siby John, Environmental Engineering, 2022
Subhash Verma, Varinder S. Kanwar, Siby John
A wastewater treatment plant is either a lagoon system or a mechanical treatment plant. Lagoons consist of holding ponds where the sewage is treated by natural aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes brought by bacteria, sunlight and wind. Mechanical treatment plants treat the wastewater through a combination of settling, aeration and chemical treatment. To produce effluents of acceptable quality, biological treatment (secondary treatment) is required as a minimum level of treatment.
Wastewater Spawned Infectious Disease
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Fundamentals of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology, 2021
Wastewater treatment can be accomplished using ponds (aka, lagoons). Ponds are relatively easy to build and manage, they accommodate large fluctuations in flow, and they can also provide treatment that approaches conventional systems (producing a highly purified effluent) at much lower cost. It is the cost (the economics) that drives many managers to decide on the pond option. The actual degree of treatment provided depends on the type and number of ponds used. Ponds can be used as the sole type of treatment or they can be used in conjunction with other forms of wastewater treatment—that is, other treatment processes followed by a pond or a pond followed by other treatment processes.
Industrial Waste Management
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore
Treatment in lagoons involves biological action, sedimentation, soil absorption, evaporation, and dilution. When adequate land is available, lagooning may be the only practical and economical treatment of cannery wastes. NaNO3 (sodium nitrite) is used to eliminate odors produced by lagoons with unmaintained aerobic conditions. However, the use of these treated lagoons for complete treatment may be costly because of the large volumes of wastes involved. Surface sprays are used to reduce the flies and other insect nuisances that breed around these lagoons.
Analysis of culturable and non-culturable bacteria and their potential to form biofilms in a primary treated dairy wastewater system
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Michael Dixon, Steve Flint, Jon Palmer, Richard Love, Patrick Biggs, Abraham Beuger
The treatment of dairy wastewater varies depending on the location of the manufacturing plant, as it is partly mandated by local legislation, the local receiving environment and any discharge limits placed upon the particular factory. Biological treatment systems such as aerated lagoons, anaerobic biofilm reactors or activated sludge are common. A widely used treatment system is a dissolved air flotation (DAF) tank, to remove suspended solids such as fats and protein [3] followed by irrigation onto pasture. However, bacteria present in this system will grow, leading to biofilm formation on any surface within the wastewater system. If this biofilm formation becomes extensive, blockage of the wastewater system could occur, which would prevent the release of wastewater and increase cost in terms of both cleaning and lower processing volumes. Biofilm formation in a drip irrigation system using secondary treated and tertiary treated wastewater was shown to reduce discharge by 50% when the biofilm covered up to 80% of the flow channel [4]. Yan et al. [5] showed that in drip irrigation systems the flow path (emitter heads) influenced the biofilm community structure and diversity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed both particles present in the biofilm and the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structure caused blockages in the emitter heads with phospholipid fatty acids exhibiting the best correlation coefficient between the amount of biomass and discharge reduction.
Overview On Extraction and Separation of Rare Earth Elements from Red Mud: Focus on Scandium
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2018
Ata Akcil, Nazym Akhmadiyeva, Rinat Abdulvaliyev, Pratima Meshram
Red mud is a waste product produced by extraction of alumina from bauxite ores. The characteristic red color can be attributed to hydrated iron (III) oxide, i.e., hematite, whereas large amount goethite are responsible for the characteristic yellow-red color. The amount of red mud has been rising rapidly, increasing by approximately 120 million tons per annum (Mtpa) (Abhilash et al., 2014a; Power et al., 2011). The average pH value of red mud is 11.3 ± 1.0. It is an alkaline product and needs disposal. It is also considered as a hazardous material owing to its high alkalinity. There are several disposal methods for red mud which include marine discharge, lagoons, dry stacking and dry cake disposal. In the year 2005, Japan had made an agreement with the International Maritime Organization regarding the discontinuation of bauxite residue disposal into the sea by 2015. The country had reported that the previous 5 years had witnessed a bauxite residue disposal rate of 1.0 Mtpa in the sea at two different locations. The main disadvantage of the lagoon method of disposal is the risk it possesses towards humans and wildlife upon contact with caustic liquor and residue. Apart from that, it also causes contamination of surface and ground waters. In the year 2010, the collapse of a red mud reservoir led to the release of approximately one million cubic meters of red mud in western Hungary which caused the death of ten people, while 150 people were injured (Marshal, 2014).
Toward profitable and sustainable bioresource management in the Australian red meat processing industry: A critical review and illustrative case study
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Bernadette K. McCabe, Peter Harris, Diogenes L. Antille, Thomas Schmidt, Seonmi Lee, Andrew Hill, Craig Baillie
Waste treatment lagoons are one of the oldest and simplest forms of domestic and industrial waste treatment, and are used extensively for agricultural industries such as piggeries, tanneries and abattoirs. They are the preferred method for treating agricultural wastewater in Australia due to their low cost and simplicity to build and operate (Laginestra & van-Oorschot, 2009). Anaerobic lagoons are widely used in the meat industry as the first stage of secondary treatment of high-strength abattoir wastewater and are an efficient means whereby the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) can be reduced by up to 90% (MLA, 2002).