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Hydromechanical behavior of fault zones in petroleum reservoirs
Published in Xia-Ting Feng, Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2017
S.A.B. da Fontoura, N. Inoue, G.L. Righetto, C.E.R. Lautenschläger
The characterization of faults is not a simple issue. The major source of information is the outcropped section of the fault or fault trace at the surface. Seismic sections provide much information about location and geometry of the sections at-depth but are limited in use when it comes to finer details. At-depth observations are also made through electric logs and core samples both obtained during drilling. Examples (by no means the most important ones) of comprehensive fault characterization programs are Lima (2008) for outcropped faults and Ito et al. (2007) and Zoback et al. (2011) for deep, large faults. Zoback et al. (2011) describe in details the results of investigations of a section of San Andreas Fault that include logging and coring. Next, we present a short survey of some ideas regarding fault elements as recorded in some important papers.
Hydromechanical behavior of fault zones in petroleum reservoirs
Published in Xia-Ting Feng, Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2017
S.A.B. da Fontoura, N. Inoue, G.L. Righetto, C.E.R. Lautenschläger
The characterization of faults is not a simple issue. The major source of information is the outcropped section of the fault or fault trace at the surface. Seismic sections provide much information about location and geometry of the sections at-depth but are limited in use when it comes to finer details. At-depth observations are also made through electric logs and core samples both obtained during drilling. Examples (by no means the most important ones) of comprehensive fault characterization programs are Lima (2008) for outcropped faults and Ito et al. (2007) and Zoback et al. (2011) for deep, large faults. Zoback et al. (2011) describe in details the results of investigations of a section of San Andreas Fault that include logging and coring. Next, we present a short survey of some ideas regarding fault elements as recorded in some important papers.
Structure and topology of a brittle-ductile fault swarm at Crawford Knob, Franz Josef, New Zealand
Published in New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2023
Susan Ellis, Matthew Hill, Timothy A. Little
In 2014 and 2018 we carried out detailed fault trace mapping and structural measurements at Crawford Knob, expanding on previous studies to analyse fault interactions in the swarm at length scales of tens to hundreds of metres. Using real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS, we mapped individual fault traces across the outcrop as a series of precisely digitised fault points (nodes) to create a detailed digital map of fault traces. Along (and near) each mapped fault trace, we took supporting structural measurements on the outcrop of the attitude of faults, foliations, fault surface fibre lineations and quartz veins using a traditional analogue field compass or digital compass system. Field mapping of geological features located with RTK GPS focused on the most accessible (least steep) parts of Crawford Knob’s glaciated exposures (Figure 3). To identify faults, we visually inspected the outcrop to locate the faults and then surveyed points along each fault trace using the RTK to map them across the outcrop face. We only mapped fault traces that offset markers (mostly quartz veins) by ≥1 cm. For these traces, a fault termination location was mapped at the point where offset reduces to <1 cm. We also mapped fault splay intersection points. Virtually every fault that we observed on the outcrop with a trace length > 1-2 m has an observable shear offset of a nearby quartz vein or other marker, even if it is small.
Introduction to the Kaikōura earthquake special issue
Published in New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2023
Andrew Nicol, Andy Howell, Nicola Litchfield, Thomas Wilson, Stephen Bannister, Chris Massey
On the scale of individual sites establishing fault-avoidance zones for active fault traces is an important tool for mitigating seismic hazard associated with ground-surface rupture during earthquakes (e.g. Kerr et al. 2003). Here map-view widths of co-seismic distributed vertical displacement associated with the 2016 earthquake was measured by Bloom et al. (2023) for the Papatea Fault. These data provide an empirical means of defining the dimensions of fault-avoidance zones. Bloom et al. (2023) show that the width of surface deformation is variable and up to ∼1 km wide. They recommended further work to define better the widths of fault deformation zones and the factors that control their dimensions. Tsunami and beach sedimentation