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Measuring stiffness of soils in situ
Published in Fusao Oka, Akira Murakami, Ryosuke Uzuoka, Sayuri Kimoto, Computer Methods and Recent Advances in Geomechanics, 2014
Fusao Oka, Akira Murakami, Ryosuke Uzuoka, Sayuri Kimoto
various scenarios are used; however, the quality of the simulation drastically falls, if, for instance, an analysis model of a structure has limitation in the level of input ground motion. Presumption of a possible earthquake is still a difficult task, and uncertainties of various kinds are involved in a presumed earthquake scenario. While large numerical computation is needed, IES is able to provide an objective estimate of resulting hazard and disaster when plural scenarios of a future earthquake, which ranges from a small to a large, are presumed.
Assessment of seismic design response spectra for Binaloud dam and pumped-storage project
Published in Jean-Pierre Tournier, Tony Bennett, Johanne Bibeau, Sustainable and Safe Dams Around the World, 2019
S. Soleymani, A. Mahdavian, H.R. Bayati, H. Bahrami
This model is used for the estimation of the response spectrum for the MCE. The ground motions at a site are estimated deterministically for a selected earthquake scenario. After having determined the earthquake magnitude of a specific seismic source and the closest distance to the site, the site ground motions are estimated using ground motion attenuation laws. The response spectrum is then calculated within a certain range of periods. 50th and 84th percentile values can then also be computed for different damping values.
Quantifying the seismic risk for electric power distribution systems
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2021
Yang Liu, Liam Wotherspoon, Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair, Daniel Blake
However, other intensity measured could have be applied and the method is not restricted to any specific ground motion intensity measure. For example, Zareei et al. (2017) shows that peak ground velocity (PGV) is a useful metric for representing damage to 420 kV circuit breakers. The scenario earthquake approach evaluates the impact of a specific earthquake scenario on the network, and could be a useful approach if there is a fault that dominates the hazard in a certain region. This could be expanded to assess a range of earthquake scenarios, however this is beyond the scope of the current paper. The second approach applies a range of uniformly distributed PGA values across the entire network and the influence of various PGA levels on the seismic risk is assessed. Seismic risk is quantified with the two hazard representation approaches in terms of network risk metrics and substation component importance measures. This includes the effect of bus bar configuration in substation design, and the effect of a meshed and radial network topology.
Vulnerability evaluation of urban buildings to various earthquake intensities: a case study of the municipal zone 9 of Tehran
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019
Hossein Nazmfar, Alavi Saredeh, Ali. Eshgi, Bakhtiar Feizizadeh
Earthquake has been considered since oldd times as one of the most destructive and disastrous types of natural hazards especially in developing countries (Dong and Shan 2013) which, by damaging the urban buildings and infrastructures, brings about serious damages to properties in urban areas and the surroundings (Min et al.2010). Based on evidence, the menace of earthquake is developing in urban areas around the world which, as to its increasing trend, is a serious challenge to the developing countries (Tucker et al.1994). Concerning the fact that development of urban habitats goes in developing countries as much as five times as fast as the developed ones (Lopez et al.2001), the urban areas of Third World is at higher risk due to unplanned urbanization, urban development in hazardous areas, inadequate management practices, and inappropriate intracity construction (Quarantelli 2003; Lewis and Mioch 2005; Li et al.2014). One of the basic necessities of disaster management for cities during (co-), after (post-) or even before (pre-) an earthquake is the provision of a well-enriched geodatabase. This database helps engineers and urban planners to predict future چ events, which allows them to design better strategies for the future of cities. A spatially based earthquake scenario to plan for quick responses is the basis of urban preparation and earthquake disaster management using decision-making techniques (Karimzadeh et al.2014).
Rapid Earthquake Loss Estimation Model for Algerian Urban Heritage: Case of Blida City
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2023
Mehdi Boukri, Mohammed Naboussi Farsi, Ahmed Mebarki
Although there are a wide variety of existing earthquake loss estimation models, it is still challenging to predict the damages and losses for a given earthquake scenario (Liu et al. 2019), or quickly estimate them in the early hours after occurrence of an earthquake. The main categories of models can be classified as deterministic, probabilistic, real-time and hybrid models (Astoul et al. 2013). Furthermore, depending on the size of the study area, they can be classified as having global, regional and local adequation (Erdik et al. 2014). Deterministic models, such as NHEMATIS─Natural Hazards Electronic Map and Assessment Tools Information System (Boukri et al. 2013; Erdik and Fahjan 2006), estimate losses for a real given earthquake event (a posteriori or a priori reference scenario). Probabilistic models consider a characteristical event (fractile) or an event with a given return period as earthquake scenario: the characteristics of such scenario are derived from the seismic activity of active faults or seismic zones. As example of such models, one can list some that are widely used such as: CAPRA – Central American Probabilistic Risk Assessment Model (Cardona et al. 2012; Salgado-Galvez et al. 2017).OpenQuake engine “The Global Earthquake Model’s open-source software for seismic risk assessment” (Erdik 2017; Pagani et al. 2014; Silva et al. 2014).EQSIM – EarthQuake damage SIMulation is a GIS-based model used for the European context (Erdik et al. 2014).GIS-based earthquake scenario KHM – Karmania hazard model is developed for Iran (Reza et al. 2013).