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Petroleum
Published in Anthony N. Penna, A History of Energy Flows, 2019
To place the role of large oil firms, the United States and Britain in historical context, the United States began converting its naval fleet from coal to oil shortly before World War I. Britain followed by converting to oil. It transformed its coal-burning battle fleet powered by its substantial coal reserves, its active coal-mining industry and coaling stations around the world. The policy had both positive and potentially negative consequences. On the positive side, converting from coal-fired steam boilers to steam turbines to drive the new electric generators powered by oil meant that human labor would be curtailed since many fewer men would be needed as shovelers and stokers. Coal filled multiple bunkers, while oil required less storage space. As a fluid, oil would flow mechanically to heat boilers. With more energy per volume, oil enables ships to travel further and faster with less cumbersome refueling.
Technology for tomorrow and equipment selection for Indian coal mines
Published in Wang Yuehan, Ge Shirong, Guo Guangli, Mining Science and Technology, 2004
Future mining scenario is heavily titled towards surface mining. As mentioned earlier about 57% of the proved coal reserve is amendable to surface mining. The areas with huge reserve of the desired coal like North Karanpura (8156 mt), Rajmahal (8933 mt), Singrauli (6350 mt), Korba (7668 mt), IB River Coalfield (13339 mt), Talcher (23355 mt), Mand Raigarh (8551 mt), Wardha (3420 mt) and Godavari Valley (5429 mt) may sustain opencast mining for next 50 years, provided proper blend of technology, value addition and resources are made available. Mess production of inferior grade coal at low price is possible only by surface mining, deploying giant coaling, loading and transporting machines.
Ground Management for Eco-Friendly Underground Coal Mining
Published in S.K. Sarkar, Ground Control in Mining, 2020
Eco-friendly mining methods were conceived for the exploitation of coal pillars underneath protected land and intermediate technology in respect of coaling and coal handling was adopted to improve their techno-economic indices. Narrow panel mining with non effective geometry and wide stall mining were the two such options developed for mining coal under village, towns, water bodies and hill slopes. The experience of Wide Stall Mining a thick seam under protected land is submitted as an example to support the suggestions.
Discoveries and Dilemmas—Excavating the Serridge Engine House (c1790)
Published in The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology, 2020
David Hardwick, Steve Grudgings
A water balance is, however, considered unlikely here for the following reasons:Horse gins were commonly used for raising coal in Coalpit Heath as shown on Hall’s map,1,19 indicating several existed at the time of the construction of the Serridge engine. It would be unusual to change to a different method here.The tithe map, albeit later, shows a circular object on the barn side of the current boundary that has been interpreted as a horse gin as it is a similar size to known examples on that map.No physical or documentary evidence for water balances being used elsewhere in Coalpit Heath has yet been found.The difference here may be the presence of the stream but it appears that did not flow all year.The photographs taken of the main shaft do not show anywhere to unload the coal at the height of the circular tunnel, some 3–4 m below the current surface.All the documentary evidence for this site indicates that it was primarily for pumping even to the extent that coal was brought to the site from a different coaling shaft.
A review of spontaneous combustion studies – South African context
Published in International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 2019
A number of factors considerably influence the advance of low-temperature oxidation of coal. The factors include the oxygen concentration and temperature [30], inherent moisture content [31], the presence of particle minerals [32] and surface area [33]. The reaction can also be influenced by the proportion of each maceral composition [34,35], coal rank (Vitrinite reflectance) [35] and volatile and chemical composition of coals [36]. Factors such as geological, environmental, mining, physical and chemical conditions affect the process of self-heating and combustion in coal. Geological factors include seam thickness, seam gradient, organic matters and geological discontinuities (fissures, joint, cracks and faults). In open cast mines, the quantity of coal left on the coaling bench, micro- and macro-cracks in benches and outcrops are the key factors affecting self-heating, while in underground mines, parameters such as pillar and roof conditions, rate of advance, ventilation system and airflow, panel dimension, mining method, multi-seam working, ratio of coal extraction are the mining factors influencing coal self-heat. Environment parameters include air pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, oxygen concentration, moisture and sun radiation. External factors such as discarding of hot ash, frictions of conveyor belt, electrical short circuits and ignition also affect spontaneous combustion. The physical and chemical parameters influencing coal spontaneous combustion includes moisture, volatile matter, ash, carbon, oxygen, organic sulphur, weathering, bacteria, temperature, ventilation, conductivity and ozone [13,15,37,38].
Countermeasures against coal spontaneous combustion: a review
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
In mines where SPONCOM is an issue, reducing the blast inventory and quantity of coal exposed between the dragline and the coaling operation is critical. As hot blast holes will eventually be encountered, further study into the production of devices for reliably monitoring blast-hole temperatures is recommended to continue. Similarly, explosives suitable for use in hot holes should be investigated, as the possibility of premature detonation is often present when dealing with blast holes in areas liable to SPONCOM (Phillips, Chabedi, and Uludag 2011).