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Microbial Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants
Published in Narendra Kumar, Vertika Shukla, Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment, 2021
There are two types of bioremediation approach adopted for the cleanup of contaminated sites: in situ and ex situ. In situ techniques are primarily used for organic contaminants and can be described as processes whereby pollutants are degraded under natural conditions to carbon dioxide and water, whereas ex situ methods involve the removal of polluted material to be treated somewhere else. Romantschuk (2014) reports that the most common method in Finland for cleaning a site polluted with organic contaminants is excavation and treatment ex situ, but recently a variety of in situ methods, both bioremediation and chemical treatments, have been tested and even used in field conditions. In situ bioremediation methods are preferred over ex situ methods due to its requirements. (Figure 10.3).
Integrative Approaches for Understanding and Designing Strategies of Bioremediation
Published in Amitava Rakshit, Manoj Parihar, Binoy Sarkar, Harikesh B. Singh, Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto, Bioremediation Science From Theory to Practice, 2021
Shiv Prasad, Sudha Kannojiya, Sandeep Kumar, Krishna Kumar Yadav, Monika Kundu, Amitava Rakshit
Nano-bioremediation is the emerging technique for the removal of pollutants for environmental clean-up. Prevailing technologies for contaminated-site remediation are chemical and physical remediation and incineration, including bioremediation (Varol et al. 2011). With recent advances, bioremediation offers an environmentally friendly and economically feasible option to remove contaminants from the environment (Mueller and Nowack 2010). Three main approaches are used in nano-bioremediation; it includes the use of microbes, plants, and enzymatic activities. Nanotechnology increases phytoremediation efficiency and can also be used for the eco-friendly restoration of soils, and water contaminated with heavy metals, organic and inorganic pollutants (Wang 2007, Rizwan et al. 2014, Yadav et al. 2017).
Protocol for Aquifer Restoration Decision-Making
Published in Larry W. Canter, Robert C. Knox, Ground Water Pollution Control, 2020
Larry W. Canter, Robert C. Knox
This decision-making process includes four different goals: prevention, abatement, cleanup, and restoration. Prevention, as the name implies, means that pollution is not allowed to occur. The context of “prevention” herein will be taken to mean “not allowing pollutants to reach ground water.” Abatement means “putting an end to.” Hence, abatement of ground water pollution will include the “cessation of pollutants moving into the ground water, and the curtailment of the movement of pollutants having already reached the ground water.” Cleanup refers to “elimination of pollutants through removal and treatment or in situ immobilization or treatment.” Restoration will include those measures that attempt to return the aquifer to its original state. This most often will involve a cleanup strategy plus recharge of treated or fresh water. It should be noted that these goals are not totally independent of each other. More specifically, a truly effective “cleanup” strategy may also include “prevention” and “abatement” steps. Table 5.5 contains a listing of various strategies (detailed in Chapters 2, 3, and 4) available for obtaining various goals.
Evaluating the bio-removal of crude oil by vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) in interaction with bacterial consortium exposed to contaminated artificial soils
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2022
Zahra Kiamarsi, Mohammad Kafi, Mohsen Soleimani, Ahmad Nezami, Stanley Lutts
Although crude oil is a significant energy and income source for oil-producing countries, it is also one of the major current environmental concern since it causes deleterious short and long-term effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Organisms near the oil factory are directly influenced by oil seepage and spill that spread through the soil and/or enter marine environments. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) consist of a combination of several hundred chemical compounds that are toxic to many living organisms (Peng et al.2009). As many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic (Yuan et al.2021), the remedying of environment which is impacted by oil spills appears as a priority. Numerous remediation procedures (natural, thermal, physical and chemical attenuation, land farming, and bioremediation) with different levels of success are available (Kuppusamy et al.2017) to clean up the environmental.
A review on biotransformation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons mediated by biosurfactant producing bacteria
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2022
Soni Kumari Singh, Ashish Sachan
Some conventional techniques, in practice are base-catalyzed de- chlorination, incineration, UV oxidation, fixation, solvent extraction (Gan et al. 2009), but they have several disadvantage including cost, complexity, regulatory burden etc. For solving these problems, researchers derived an eco-friendly clean-up technique known as bioremediation, are the area of interest for resolving current problem to degrade organic pollutants. This technique implies living organisms to transform hazardous organic wastes into detoxified products, generally CO2 and water (Johnsen et al. 2005; Bamforth and Singleton. 2005). There are various properties of microorganism that can be utilized for hydrocarbon degradation some of these properties are fixation of carbon and nitrogen, sulfur assimilation, mobilization/immobilization, production of biosurfactant, enzyme secretion of diverse nature, precipitation and sorption to membranes. Hydrocarbons can be degraded by microorganisms such as protozoa, fungi and bacteria. Grazing protozoa, fungi (mediated by the cytochrome P-450 system) were reported for PAHs degradation (Das and Chandran 2011). Among various microorganisms, bacteria play an important role in degradation of PAHs. Above 60 genera of bacteria and 80 genera of fungi could be able to degrade hydrocarbons (Xu et al. 2018).
Perspectives of future water sources in Qatar by phytoremediation: biodiversity at ponds and modern approach
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2021
It has long been recognized that water sources at the Arabian Gulf region are limited, and the early reports show that the main sources of water are from groundwater followed by desalinization of seawater (ESCWA 1996). Recent works, however, show that wastewater of domestic and industrial activities (oil and gas) could be an additional future source of water to support the people’s need, and might be alternative and further sources of water for various purposes; after removing and degrading contaminants of various kinds (Al-Thani and Yasseen 2020). The Arabian Gulf region holds about a third of the world oil supply, and the State of Qatar became one of the major gas producers around the globe which amounted to about 178 billion cubic meters in 2019. Bioremediation and phytoremediation have been adopted worldwide as cost-effective cleanup and environmentally friendly methods to achieve complete or partial degradation of organic contaminants and removing heavy metals and excessive nutrients from waters and soils (Frick et al. 1999; Pivetz 2001; Van Epps 2006; Campos et al. 2008; Ndimele 2010; Nie et al. 2011; Tandon et al. 2014; Yasseen 2014). Two major ponds were established in 1982 very close to Doha city, not more than 12 km southwest (Figure 1): Abu-Hamour that receives untreated wastewater (Figure 2) and Abu-Nakhla that receives treated wastewater (Figure 3) (Al-Thani and Yasseen 2020), and a large percentage of the treated wastewater had been used in creating green areas around Doha city, especially at agricultural sectors; alfalfa fields as an example, and also gardening practices.