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Opportunities and challenges – Development of performance-sensitive engineering
Published in Peter Fajfar, Helmut Krawinkler, Seismic Design Methodologies for the Next Generation of Codes, 2019
When we reflect on what has happened in code development in the last several decades, we can conclude that while we have some new terms and some procedures have been modified or given an appearance of greater sophistication, the process has not changed a great deal. The most widely used, and perhaps most easily understood, procedures involve specification of loadings. For example, for design in seismic areas, lateral earthquake loads are often specified as the equivalent lateral forces. The use of allowable stress design has been replaced by ultimate strength procedures, but it is important to note that the factors applied to loads and to strength calculations tend to be judged against the safety factors (or margins against failure) that were implicit in allowable stress procedures. Serviceability must be checked explicitly, but the conditions under which serviceability criteria are critical are not well-de-fined. The limitations of “factored design” approaches have led the structural engineering profession to seek other methods by which margins against various “failure conditions” can be stated in a more explicit manner. The most recent discussions revolve around use of performance objectives. The impetus for development of such procedures is the desire to consider multiple levels of actions that might be imposed on a structure and to permit the designer to consider and protect against the risks deemed greatest for protecting the investment and operations of owners and occupants.
Use of Bayesian updating of time-dependent performance indicators for prediction of structural lifetime and critical inspection points in time
Published in Jaap Bakker, Dan M. Frangopol, Klaas van Breugel, Life-Cycle of Engineering Systems, 2017
C. Xing, M. Van Kerkhove, R. Caspeele, L. Taerwe
The simplest interpretation of a deterministic PI is the safety factor, defined as the ratio of the resistance over the load effect, for which a deterministic or nominal value is assumed. It indicates the extent to which the considered member of the structure is able to withstand the design load (Frangopol & Saydam 2011). The concept of this allowable stress design is that failure occurs in case the allowable stress exceeds the maximum stress. Safety factors are especially used in design at section and component level. Major disadvantages of this method are the scattered safety levels and the lack of a coherent safety methodology in case new technology or material is available. In order to avoid these issues probability-based calculation methods are promoted.
Structural Design Methodologies
Published in Ashwani Bedi, Ramsey Dabby, Structure for Architects, 2019
As a stress-based methodology, Allowable Stress Design involves assuring that a member’s actual stress is less than or equal to the allowable stress. The allowable stress is determined by multiplying the material yield stress by a safety factor (less than 1), thereby reducing it. The actual stress is determined from the governing load combinations (Figure 2.9).
Philosophies of bamboo structural design and key parameters for developing the philosophies
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Leule M. Hailemariam, Ermias A. Amede, Ezra K. Hailemariam, Denamo A. Nuramo
The allowable stress design process is used to ensure that when the calculated design load is applied to a structure, the actual stress generated does not exceed the allowable stress level. The structure is secure since the allowable stress is well below the maximum strength. Gupta and Gupta and Gupta (2014) also argue that the load factor design approach outperforms the allowable stress design method. To determine the design stress level, the allowable stress design approach employs a single factor of safety. Different load factors are used in load factor design depending on the reliability of which the various loads can be measured. In addition, resistance factors are used to account for the uncertainties in the strength values.