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Microbial Biofilms-Aided Resistance and Remedies to Overcome It
Published in Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul, Microbial Biofilms, 2020
The majority of the alkaloids such as quinoline or their derivatives depolarize cell membranes resulting in cytoplasm leakage, thus inhibit bacterial cells. Alkaloids belonging to class isoquinoline act against biofilm-embedded bacteria by inhibiting their nucleic acid synthesis and type-1 topoisomerases. The 3-carboxyl group present in the fluoroquinolones inhibits Type-II topoisomerase. Whereas, methyl quinolone restricts oxygen consumption in the bacterial cells (Lahiri et al. 2019).
Maternal pesticide exposure and its relation to childhood cancer: an umbrella review of meta-analyses
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Sehar Iqbal, Shahbaz Ali, Inayat Ali
Leukaemia is the most common cancer worldwide, leading to about 265, 000 deaths globally (International Agency for Research on Cancer 2014). Causative factors such as chromosomal translocation changes have been found in leukaemia cases (Maia et al. 2004). Double-stranded DNA breaks due to ionizing radiation and certain mutagenic chemicals or indirectly by modulating type II topoisomerase enzymes can cause chromosomal abnormalities leading to childhood leukaemia (Wigle et al. 2009). Likewise, other causes including infections, therapeutic drugs, electromagnetic fields, traffic exhaust, and various environmental chemicals, including pesticide exposure appear to induce carcinogenic exposure (Nasterlack 2006). Pesticides may enter the body by dermal absorption, inhalation, or oral absorption. However, pre-conceptional environmental exposures and children with a genetic predisposition to cancer are significantly more prone to childhood cancer risks (Jurewicz and Hanke 2006). Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation due to gestational pesticide exposure might affect the embryo during very early development (Ndonwi et al. 2019). Similarly, residual chemicals in the maternal tissues resulting from pesticide exposure might lead to adverse effects, including cancer (Greenop et al. 2013).
Genetic functional algorithm model, docking studies and in silico design of novel proposed compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
A type II topoisomerase target ‘DNA gyrase’ is a present in all bacteria. It produces negative supercoils for the whole bacterial chromosome which relaxes the supercoils that generates the translocating RNA polymerase which shortened the chromosome for appropriate segregating during cell division [4,5]. This enzyme is a tetramer that made up of ‘two subunits A,’ which comprises of the DNA binding domain and ‘two subunits B’ which catalyzes the reaction that quickly cleaves two DNA strands which depend on ATP hydrolysis. The two subunit A and B i.e. GyrA and GyrB aids the DNA replication by breaking and reuniting the DNA strand. Based on the function stated, the termination of the DNA replication can be blocked by prominent inhibitors either targeting the GyrA (DNA domain) or GyrB (ATP binding cavities).