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RNA Regulation and Function in Nature
Published in Peixuan Guo, Kirill A. Afonin, RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics, 2022
Zhefeng Li, Daniel W. Binzel, Peixuan Guo
Small ncRNA was also found to play important role in genome defense. The representative is the guide RNA that involved in the infection defense system in bacteria called the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) (Fu, Sander, et al., 2014, Travis, 2015, Wiedenheft, Sternberg, and Doudna, 2012). These guide RNAs can lead the endonuclease complex to cleave the infected sequences out of genome. Most of RNAs exist in linear manner, until recently, circular RNA was discovered. These single-stranded RNAs covalently form closed loop so that they do not have 5′ and 3′ end as normal RNA and which also makes them more resistant to enzymatic digestion. Although the knowledge of circular RNA is still limited, studies had revealed circular RNA involves many disease- development and biological activities. Additional categories of ncRNAs exist but will not be discussed here, including, but not limited to, snoRNA (small nucleolar RNA) (Bachellerie, Cavaille et al., 2002), snRNA (small nuclear RNA) (Kiss, 2004, Matera, Terns et al., 2007), Y RNA, and piRNA (piwi-interacting RNA) (Zhang, 2009).
Genes and Genomics
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
snRNA is a class of small RNA molecules that is found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. They are transcribed by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III and are involved in a variety of important processes such as RNA splicing (removal of introns from heterogeneous nuclear RNA [hnRNA]), regulation of transcription factors (7SK RNA) or RNA polymerase II (B2 RNA), and maintaining the telomeres. They are always associated with specific proteins, and the complexes are referred to as small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP) or sometimes as snurps. These elements are rich in uridine content. A large group of snRNAs is known as small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). These are small RNA molecules that play an essential role in RNA biogenesis and guide chemical modifications of rRNAs and other RNA genes (tRNA and snRNAs). They are in the nucleolus and the cajal bodies of eukaryotic cells (the major sites of RNA synthesis).
Genes and genomics
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
The snRNA is a class of small RNA molecules that is found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. They are transcribed by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III and are involved in a variety of important processes such as RNA splicing (removal of introns from hnRNA), regulation of transcription factors (7SK RNA) or RNA polymerase II (B2 RNA), and maintaining the telo-meres. They are always associated with specific proteins, and the complexes are referred to as small nuclear ribonucleoproteins or sometimes as snurps. These elements are rich in uridine content. A large group of snRNAs is known as small nucleolar RNAs. These are small RNA molecules that play an essential role in RNA biogenesis and guide chemical modifications of rRNAs and other RNA genes (tRNA and snRNAs). They are located in the nucleolus and the cajal bodies of eukaryotic cells (the major sites of RNA synthesis).
Epigenotoxicity: a danger to the future life
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Farzaneh Kefayati, Atoosa Karimi Babaahmadi, Taraneh Mousavi, Mahshid Hodjat, Mohammad Abdollahi
An integrative case-control study was accomplished using 40 healthy controls, 50 short disease course ulcerative colitis (UC), 52 in long disease course UC, and 58 in sporadic colorectal cancer (SCRC) group. Hypermethylation of TSGs and hypomethylation of oncogenes are usually fall out in carcinogenesis. Based on this examination, the hypomethylation of the COX-2 gene (an oncogene) in UC and SCRS and hypermethylation of the MINT1 gene in SCRC occur.[158] For examining the role of DNA methylation in colorectal cancer and its association with smoking as a risk factor, a colocare study was performed, which reported the hypermethylation of the APC gene and its relation with the rectum and distal colon carcinogenesis.[213] Another survey of 157 patients with colorectal cancer showed that overexpression of lncRNA ZFAS1 with the mediation of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), can increase the 2′-O-Me of 285 rRNA is responsible for CRC initiation.[159] Epimutation in CRC including H3K9ac and H3K27ac is also important as a marker used for CRC.[214]