China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Zirzm
Published in Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray, Handbook of Environmental FATE and EXPOSURE DATA, 2017
Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray
Summary: Ziram (zinc N-dimethyldithiocarbamate) may be released into the environment as a dust or aerosol or in wastewater during its manufacture and use as an agricultural and industrial fungicide and vulcanization accelerator in the rubber-processing industry. Ziram would adsorb moderately to the soil or sediment. No data could be found on its persistence in soil or natural waters. Little bioconcentration would be expected in aquatic organisms. In the atmosphere, ziram would primarily exist as an aerosol or dust and be subject to gravitational settling. It may photolyze; however, no rates for this process could be found in the literature. Human exposure is primarily occupational via inhalation and dermal contact. In agricultural applications, ziram is applied as a spray to fruits and vegetables.
Paraquat and Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Carolina Vaccari, Regina El Dib, Huda Gomaa, Luciane C Lopes, João Lauro de Camargo
Still considering exposure characterization, under the “co-exposure subgroup” analyses, “paraquat plus any other dithiocarbamate”, which included maneb, exhibited higher OR as compared to paraquat only. In fact, maneb may enhance the paraquat-induced neurotoxic effects in mice (Barlow et al. 2003) and potentiate the herbicide toxicity in vitro, inducing apoptosis (Fei and Ethel 2008). In the study by Sanders et al. (2017), the associations “paraquat plus ziram” and “paraquat plus ziram plus maneb” presented higher positive results as compared to co-exposure to “paraquat plus maneb” (Figure 6). Therefore, some pesticides appear to act synergistically suggesting that each of these chemicals plays a role in the development of PD, thereby downgrading possible paraquat specificity. Further studies are needed to identify possible synergisms between pesticides such as ziram and others in the dithiocarbamate group and their possible mode of action in the development of PD.