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Trace Elements: Heavy Metals and Micronutrients
Published in Eliot Epstein, LAND APPLICATION of SEWAGE SLUDGE and BIOSOLIDS, 2002
Molybdenum is an essential trace element for plants. It is contained in several enzymes, including sulfite oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and xanthine dehydrogenase. It is also present in the enzyme nitrogenase, which is responsible for molecular nitrogen formation and in the nitrate reductase enzyme, which is responsible for nitrification. Plants suffering from Mo deficiency often exhibit signs of N deficiency.
Selective enrichment of milk fat globules using functionalized polyvinylidene fluoride membrane
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Aparna Verma, Ajay K. Sharma, Ayushi Agarwal, Saurav Datta, Kiran Ambatipudi
Milk is a complex biological fluid that has evolved as the main source of nutrition and immunological protection for suckling young and humans of all ages. Among the different milk components, lipids in milk exist as a unique emulsion in the form of spherical droplets of varying sizes known as milk-fat globules (MFG) and are stabilized by a physiologically functional milk-fat globule membrane (MFGM).[1] The fat globules are highly structured, with a triglyceride core surrounded by a trilayer biological membrane composed of Mucin 1 (MUC 1), Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (XDH/XO), CD 36 (PAS IV), phospholipids and oligosaccharides.[2] These components of the MFGM are critical and have been reported to demonstrate enormous health benefits, such as the reduction of aberrant crypt incidence,[3] attenuation of lung injury by MFG epidermal growth factor8,[4] and anticancer activity of buttermilk against colon cancer in humans.[5] In addition, MFGM supplementation has been reported to modulate the gut microbiome in neonates and normalize intestinal development.[6]
Application of Raman spectroscopy to diagnose the metabolic state of volleyball and soccer players through the identification of urine components
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2020
Fernando Bernal-Reyes, Mónica Acosta-Elias, Alexel J. Burgara-Estrella, Osiris Álvarez-Bajo, Omar I. Gavotto-Nogales, Francisco J. Antunez-Dominguez, Lucia Placencia-Camacho, Héctor M. Sarabia-Sainz
The absemce of energy leads to the degradation of adenine nucleotides producing hypoxanthine that is metabolized by xanthine dehydrogenase in the liver producing NADH and urate.[43] Finally, these compounds are transported in the blood for elimination in the kidneys. The intensity changes in the uric acid peaks observed in some athletes may vary depending on the concentration of lactic acid and the hormone noradrenaline, since both decrease the excretion of urates.[44]
Modelling of growth kinetics of isolated Pseudomonas sp. and optimisation of parameters for enhancement of xanthine oxidoreductase production by statistical design of experiments
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2019
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is an iron-sulphur containing metalloflavoprotein that catalyses the hydroxylation of purine, pyrimidine, pterin, pteridine and aldehydes.[1] NAD+ dependent Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, D-form; EC1.1.1.204; xanthine-NAD oxidoreductase) is a precursor of xanthine oxidase (XOD, o-form; EC 1.1.3.22; xanthine: oxygen oxidoreductase) that may be formed either by conversion of proteolytic cleavage of –SH (thiol)Cys535 located in the long peptide chain between FAD centre and molybdoprterin domains or by oxidation of sulfhydryl residues of protein molecule.[2] Corte and Stirpe[3] reported XDH as a native form of XOD and both are responsible to control the rate limiting step of nucleic acid oxidation. XOR is gaining interest due to its use in food processing industries and medical diagnostics to monitor xanthine (XN) and hypoxanthine (HX) using enzyme-based analytical methods such as biosensor, spectrophotometric and immunologic analyses. Quantification of XN and HX is useful to detect freshness of fish/meat derivatives in food processing industries.[4] XOR has potential to treat many diseases, e.g., hyperuricemia, gout, xanthinuria and renal failure. Hence, large scale production of XOR is important for low cost monitoring of XN in biological samples. Commercial enzyme production is achieved by overproducing biomass of selective strains that synthesise desired enzyme at optimal fermentation parameters. Separation and purification of the enzyme from an organism involve few crucial steps such as screening of microorganism, enrichment in media, optimisation of fermentation conditions, disruption of the cells, removal of cell debris and nucleic acids, precipitation of proteins, ultrafiltration and chromatographic purification of the desired enzyme.