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Energy Applications of Ionic Liquids
Published in Amit Soni, Dharmendra Tripathi, Jagrati Sahariya, Kamal Nayan Sharma, Energy Conversion and Green Energy Storage, 2023
Moumita Saha, Manoj K. Banjare, Kamal Nayan Sharma, Gyandshwar K. Rao, Anirban Das, Monika Vats, Gaurav Choudhary, Kamalakanta Behera, Shruti Trivedi
ILs have shown tremendous application potential as electrolytes in Li-ion batteries (LIBs). LIBs mainly consist of three major components, such as cathode, anode, and electrolyte, which are a subject of extensive research. Generally, metal oxide or specifically lithium compounds are used for cathode and carbon, and recently graphite is used for anode. But recently a lot of metal oxides and other compounds are explored for cathode (NaFeO2, spinel and olivine structures, LiFePO4, LiCoO2) [1] and transition metal oxide, silicon as anode (ZnCo2O4, MnCo2O4, CoMn2O4, NiCo2O4, Fe3O4, Co3O4, Fe2O3, NiO, CoO, MnO, Mn2O3, Cr2O3, Mn3O4, MoO3, MnO2) [2]. Better performance of LIBs was found with nano Li3V2(PO4)3 [3]. Commercially mixture of organic carbonate like ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, vinylene carbonate and lithium complex like LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3 are used [4] (Figure 10.1).
Silicon nanopowder synthesis by inductively coupled plasma as anode for high-energy Li-ion batteries
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, Silicon Nanomaterials Sourcebook, 2017
Dominic Leblanc, Richard Dolbec, Abdelbast Guerfi, Jiayin Guo, Pierre Hovington, Maher Boulos, Karim Zaghib
The influence of silicon particle size on anode performances was investigated. Two composite electrodes were fabricated using micro-Si powder prepared by dry mechanical milling (Figure 20.21a) and nano-Si powder prepared in a plasma (Figure 20.21b). The two silicon powders were mixed with acetylene carbon black and sodium alginate to produce an electrode that was assembled with a separator and lithium foil anode in a button cell (Leblanc et al. 2015b). The electrolyte was composed of 1 M LiPF6 in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) (7:3 by volume) with the addition of 2 V% of vinylene carbonate (VC). The cells were galvanostatically charged and discharged at 25°C using a potentiostat at a C/24 rate for formation cycles over the voltage range of 0.005–1.0 V versus Li/Li+. The theoretical maximum capacity (C) of the button cell was calculated from the active material loading in the electrodes (2.3 mg cm−2):
Coated silicon nanowires for battery applications
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, Silicon Nanomaterials Sourcebook, 2017
The contact between electrolyte and anode in typical LIBs leads to the reduction of nonaqueous electrolyte components at low potentials, and therefore to the decomposition of a part of the electrolyte and the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The electrolyte is chosen so the SEI can still allow ion conduction and avoid further contact between electrode and electrolyte. Furthermore, the electrolyte has to be able to dissolve a lithium salt (e.g., LiPF6) and have an appropriate viscosity to ensure sufficient ionic conductivity. Typically, mixtures of ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), vinylene carbonate (VC), or ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) are used. Many possible reactions, including one- and multielectron reactions, are possible when these are subjected to cathodic polarization of typically below 0.8 V versus Li/Li+. Some are leading to a stable and some to a less stable SEI, depending on the respective reaction products. The SEI formation can also proceed in several steps at different potentials. Zhang et al. showed, for example, the formation of SEI with low conductivity at potentials of the anode versus Li/Li+ above 0.15 V, and further formation of SEI with higher conductivity at lower potentials (Zhang et al. 2006). The stability of the SEI can be influenced by the nature of the electrolyte, the anode, and additive components. VC, for example, is especially beneficial for Si-based anodes and increases the stability of the SEI by polymerization before lithiation. The formation of SEI typically takes place during the first few cycles and stops after a certain thickness is reached. If the SEI is stable and has a strong adhesion to the electrode, it decreases concentration polarization and overvoltage, leading to an improvement in cycling of the LIB.
Ti-Fe-Si/C composites as anode materials for high energy li-ion batteries
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Bage Alhamdu Nuhu, Humphrey Adun, Olusola Bamisile, Mustapha Mukhtar
The performance was evaluated with coin cells (type CR2032) in a galvanostatic regime between 0.05 and 1.2 V vs. Li/Li+ with a battery test system (NEWARE Technology limited Co., Ltd., BTS4000). A mixture of 1 M LiPF6 dissolved in ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) (EC: DEC = 1:1) with 2 vol% vinylene carbonate (VC) and 10 vol. % fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) as additives was used as the electrolyte.
CO2 and ethylene epoxide on silicon-doped CNT as metal-free catalyst to produce cyclic ethylene carbonate: a computational study
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
Hedieh Mohammadzadeh, Sadegh Afshari
One of the leading greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide (CO2). It causes global warming, oceans acidity, and so on, endangers human health. On the other hand, CO2 is a non-toxic, naturally abundant, and economical gas as a type of renewable carbon resource for the synthesis of valuable chemicals [1,2]. Despite the difficulties (thermodynamically stability and kinetically inertness) of efficiently utilising CO2, it has been successfully used to produce many valuable chemicals such as methane, methanol, formic acid, amide, carboxylic acid derivatives and carbonate [3–5]. Among them, producing cyclic carbonates by epoxides and CO2 is one of the most promising ways for CO2 utilisation. The cyclic carbonates can be used as electrolytes, polar solvents and also used to produce polymers like polycarbonates and polyurethanes [6–8]. Ethylene carbonate is a cyclic carbonate with a large scale and wide range of applications. This cyclic carbonate is produced industrially by several companies worldwide [9]. Ethylene carbonate has an important application as an electrolyte for lithium-based batteries, which are used in electronics. The other applications of ethylene carbonate as solvents are used as a cleaner in painting for stripping and degreasing [8] and also used in cosmetic and personal care products [9]. Ethylene carbonate is also used as a plasticiser, and as a precursor to vinylene carbonate, which is used in polymers and organic synthesis. Also, oxalyl chloride is produced commercially from ethylene carbonate [10]. For many years, researchers have been interested in studying the ways to produce ethylene carbonate by epoxides and CO2. Due to the thermodynamic stability and kinetically inertness of CO2, it needs to use a catalyst for this reaction. The catalysts used by researchers are divided into two main kinds: metal-based catalysts and metal-free catalysts. In the epoxide and CO2 reactions, the metal-based catalysts are the most common. In the metal-based catalysts, the active sites act as Lewis acid in front of the oxygen atom of epoxide, and this reduces the energy barrier for reaction. The metal-based catalysts were used as metal oxide [11], metal salt [12], molecular sieves [13], metallic complex [14], metal–organic frameworks [15], zeolitic imidazolate frameworks [16], metal-doped porous materials [17], etc. Although the activity of metal-based catalysts is excellent for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates, the problem of metal leakage causes environmental pollution, to reduce this problem, the metal-free catalysts may be helpful [18–21].