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Recent Advances and Applications of Nanogenerators in Sensors, Photovoltaic, Wind, and Blue Energy
Published in Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Tariq Altalhi, Nanogenerators, 2023
Pallavi Jain, Sapna Raghav, Madhur Babu Singh
Biodegradable TENGs have recently gained popularity since they are made of edible materials. They are implantable without causing cyanosis of flesh. The TENG devices are made from triboelectric materials that usually pollute the atmosphere in many ways in which properties of the material used determine the degree of toxicity. The edible TENG made from seaweed TEL is combined with silver foil (conductor). The TENG and the silver foil were attached to a rice sheet that acted as an active layer's base. The TENG worked in a SEM and contacted materials such as paper, tissue, vinyl polymer, and fluorinated olefin propene daily. The TENG device's toxicity level was determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, cell imaging, and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. After which it was found that the TEL was biocompatible allowing cells to expand. Under a confocal magnifier, cell growth was observed with a blue color pattern. The electrical response and durability of the edible TENG device were its highest, demonstrating that edible TENG were very well for medical implants.
Chemistry of the Poly(alkylene oxide)s
Published in F. E. Bailey, Joseph V. Koleske, Alkylene Oxides and Their Polymers, 2020
F. E. Bailey, Joseph V. Koleske
In 1966, a new class of polyols that were highly useful in enhancing the modulus of polyurethane foams and elastomers, while maintaining other desirable properties, was introduced to the marketplace (66,67). These polyols had the unique feature of containing in situ, free-radical polymerized vinyl polymer particles that were grafted to the polyol. The final product, which was termed a polymer polyol, is a conventional or an ethylene oxide-capped poly (propylene oxide) polyol that contains a stable dispersion of the vinyl polymer that acts as a reinforcing filler. When monomers such as acrylonitrile and styrene /aerylonitrile mixtures are used, property enhancements are obtained in subsequently manufactured products.
Polyols for Polyurethane Production
Published in Eric J. Goethals, Telechelic Polymers: Synthesis and Applications, 2018
David J. Sparrow, David Thorpe
Polymer polyols contain dispersions of a vinyl polymer in liquid base polyol formed from the in situ polymerization of selected monomers such as acrylonitrile, styrene, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl chloride. Apart from free polyol and dispersed polymer, the product contains a third, and very important, species. This is a reaction product of polyol and vinyl monomer, which is termed a graft copolymer,163 formed as shown in Equation 16.164 ()
PSO AND IFS TECHNIQUES FOR THE DESIGN OF WEARABLE HYBRID FRACTAL ANTENNA
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2021
Sandeep Singh Sran, Jagtar Singh Sivia
5.7 Comparison of MKWHFA with other reported antennas: Table 3 depicts a comparison of MKWHFA with other reported antennas in the literature. In reference (Arif et al., 2018) a compact wearable antenna for body area network is designed. It used a vinyl polymer as a substrate, but it has less gain than the proposed MKWHFA and resonates at a single frequency where the proposed MKHWFA resonates at four frequencies. In reference (Gil & Garcia, 2017) antenna is designed on jean as a substrate to make it wearable PIFA, but it works only in a single band and has less gain than the projected MKWHFA. In reference (Osman et al., 2011) an embroidered triple-band wearable antenna is presented, but it has large size, small gain, and less number of resonant frequencies as compared to the proposed MKWHFA. In reference (Singh et al., 2017) a dual-band dielectric resonator wearable antenna made on the jean substrate, it also has less gain and a less number of resonant frequencies as compared to the projected MKWHFA. Hence from this comparison table concludes that the projected MKWHFA is better than antennas reported in the literature.
A novel amperometric biosensor for rapid detection of ethanol utilizing gold nanoparticles and enzyme coupled PVC reaction cell
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Vinita Hooda, Anjum Gahlaut, Vikas Hooda
The method explained by Hooda et al. was used for covalently immobilizing AOX onto PVC surface [19]. First, nicks were introduced in the long vinyl polymer chains of PVC surface by treating it with a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3. Then 1.25% (w/v) glutaraldehyde in 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer was used to incubate the beaker for 8 h at 35°C. Glutaraldehyde reacts with free vinyl chains of PVC sheet to form –C=CH– bond. Then enzyme was immobilized on this activated PVC surface by incubating with 5.5 mL alcohol oxidase mixed in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at 4°C for 36 h in dark. Then –NH2 group present on enzyme surface covalently attached to –CHO group of glutaraldehyde via Schiff-base formation. Buffer was used to rinse the surface of beaker to remove unbound enzyme. Figure 1 illustrates the steps involved in AOX immobilization onto PVC beaker. Until use, beaker was kept in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer at 4°C. AOX immobilization was verified by SEM.
Design and production of sustainable lightweight concrete precast sandwich panels for non-load bearing partition walls
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Fayez Moutassem, Kadhim Alamara
Polystyrene is a vinyl polymer, which is a long hydrocarbon chain with a phenyl group attached to every other carbon atom (Bischoff et al., 1990). Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) lightweight concrete is being increasingly utilized in the construction industry in various applications, mainly due to its lightweight qualities, excellent heat preservation and sound insulation (Bhutta et al., 2011; Herki & Khatib, 2016). To utilize these properties, sandwich partition walls can be produced by filling the core with a lightweight EPS concrete mixture. In many building applications, EPS is the most used insulator in precast concrete sandwich panels (Bida et al., 2018). This is mainly due to its low cost, low density, low water absorption, excellent insulation properties and availability. The system can consist of an EPS concrete core enclosed within fiber cement boards. The fiber cement boards are used as outer sheathing to the EPS concrete core and provide the system with enhanced properties that include strength, durability, thermal insulation, acoustic insulation, moisture proof, and fire insulation.