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Persistent Organic Pollutants Used for Industrial Purposes: Origins in the Environment
Published in Narendra Kumar, Vertika Shukla, Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment, 2021
Brenda Natalia López Niño, Michal Jeremiáš
The sectors where the flame retardants have most frequently used are electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) sector, construction and building (including textiles and upholstery elements), and transportation. The percentage by weight of a given POP used for flame retardancy in a product depends on the FR and the polymer type. Commercial pentaBDE is present at about 10%–18% by weight in polyurethane foam (furniture and upholstery in domestic furnishing, automotive, and aviation industries; UNEP, 2006b). OctaBDE is present at 12%–18% by weight in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymers, and 12%–15% in high-impact polystyrene, polybutylene terephthalate, and polyamide polymers (UNEP, 2007b). DecaBDE is used at 10%–15% by weight in plastics and polymers, and 7.5%–20% in textiles (upholstery, window blinds, curtains, mattress textiles, tents, and interior fabrics in the transportation sector; UNEP, 2014). HBCD concentrations range from 0.7% to 3.0% in expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene foams (UNEP, 2010). Since production of the majority of these POP-halogenated FRs has ceased, other alternative halogenated FRs have been used, such as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and organophosphorus FRs, such as triphenyl phosphate; they are known as novel flame retardants (NFRs) or emerging flame retardants (Pivnenko et al., 2017, Rani et al., 2014). NFRs have been found in EEE and building materials like curtains and wallpapers (Kajiwara et al., 2011).
Evaluation of Food and Food Contaminants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
According to Meeker et al.529 organophosphate (OP) compounds, such as tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), are commonly used as additive flame retardants and plasticizers in a wide range of materials. Although widespread human exposure to OP flame retardants is likely, there is a lack of human and animal data on potential health effects.
Design of polymer-plasticizer-solvent films: Effects of initial and operating parameters on the residual solvent and film properties
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Polystyrene has been widely used in the industry for packaging, electronics, automobile, laboratory ware, and so on. Despite its dielectric properties the application of polystyrene remains limited in electronic products due to its flammability. Flame retarding additives can thus play a significant role. Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is an additive that can be used as a fire retardant as well as a plasticizer. Korobeinichev et al.[11] used TPP as fire retardant for high molecular-weight polyethylene. Pan et al.[12] used ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and TPP in polyester resins as fire retardants. They found that high amounts of APP and TPP enhance the thermal stability of the polyester resin. Xiao et al.[13] used TPP in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a plasticizer. The PLA-TPP films were prepared by melt processing method. It was found that on increasing the TPP content the spherulitic growth rate increases and the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreases. TPP was used as a flame retardant for poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), and poly(butylene terephthalate), and as a plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride).[13]
Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and phthalates in floor and road dust from a manual e-waste dismantling facility and adjacent communities in Thailand
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Dudsadee Muenhor, Hyo-Bang Moon, Sunggyu Lee, Emma Goosey
Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and phthalates are polymer additives present in a diverse array of household and industrial goods. They have become ubiquitous pollutants observed in both indoor and outdoor environments especially indoor dust around the world.[1,2] PFRs are considered to be suitable alternatives to PBDE (polybrominated diphenyl ether) formulations (deca-BDE, octa-BDE and penta-BDE) that have been recently restricted or phased out. Therefore, the manufacture and application of these chemicals has been growing remarkably during the recent decade.[3] PFRs have a large variety of utilizations, with the predominant use of several as flame retardants (FRs), plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, polyurethane foams (PUFs) and floor polish.[1,4] For example, chlorinated organophosphorus compounds tris (2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloro-2-propyl)-phosphate (TCPP) and tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) are penta-BDE replacements utilized primarily as FRs in both flexible and rigid PUFs deployed in chairs, sofas, vehicle upholstery and relevant products.[1,5–7] On the one hand, non-chlorinated organophosphates triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and tricresyl phosphate (TCP) are extensively used as FRs in PVC (polyvinylchloride), tents, electrical cables, synthetic leather and conveyor belts.[1,8,9] Moreover, tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) is typically utilized as an additive in synthetic rubber, e.g. in soles of shoes, seals, hoses and gaskets as well as a levelling agent in paints and paper coating and floor waxes and polishes.[4,5,10]
Quantum chemical simulations revealed the toxicokinetic mechanisms of organic phosphorus flame retardants catalyzed by P450 enzymes
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2018
Zhiqiang Fu, Jingwen Chen, Yong Wang, Huixiao Hong, Hongbin Xie
Organic phosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), including the typical phosphotriesters such as triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), are prevalent alternatives to brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The shift from BFRs to OPFRs has been driven by increasing evidence pointing to BFRs being generally detrimental to humans and wildlife. Moreover, some BFRs have the potential to produce notorious brominated dioxin pollutants.1,2 The phaseout or restricted use of some BFRs is expected to increase OPFR consumption.3 As additive components or plasticizers in commercial products, OPFRs are likely to be released into the environment.