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Electroactive Polymers and Their Carbon Nanocomposites for Energy Harvesting
Published in Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Tariq Altalhi, Nanogenerators, 2023
B.T.S. Ramanujam, Reshma Haridass, Pranesh Muralidharan, Ashok Kumar Nanjundan, Deepak Dubal, Pratheep K. Annamalai
The working of DSSC is based on four steps – light absorption, electron injection, transport of carriers, and collection of current as shown in Figure 15.5. These steps are explained as follows: When the DSSC is exposed to the sunlight, the dye absorbs the light that is incident on the working electrode. The electrons in the dye get excited.The life span of excited electrons is usually in nanoseconds. The excited electrons move to the conduction band of a working electrode, which must be lower than that of the excited state of dye. Thus, the dye molecule becomes oxidized (S+).The electron travels from the working electrode through the circuit and reaches the CE. The CE acts as a catalyst and reduces I3- to I− by transferring electrons. The electrolyte consists of an iodine molecule (I2) and iodide ion (I−) normally combined as triiodide ion (I3−). This triiodide ion accepts electron from the CE and gets reduced to 3I−. These iodide ions get oxidized to become I3− by donating electron to the dye.On accepting electrons from I− ion redox mediator, the regeneration of dye back to its ground state and oxidation of I− to I3- occurs. This oxidizedI3- ion moves to the CE and gets reduced to I−. This cycle is repeated till the light is shed on the cell. The charges traveling through the external circuit can be utilized to do work.
Flow channel optimisation of iodine zinc flow battery modelling
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2023
Zhiqiang Liu, Jie Wen, Bin Yang
Positive electrode: Negative pole: Total reaction: When there is current flow in the iodine zinc flow battery, the equilibrium potential depends on the ion and proton concentrations participating in the reaction in the electrolyte of the iodine zinc flow battery, which can be represented by the Nernst equation: where and are the electromotive force of the reaction between the negative and positive poles, and the standard electromotive force is . R is the molar gas constant, Ts is the stack temperature, F is the faraday constant. and are the molar concentrations of iodide ion and triiodide ion in the stack, respectively, is the molar concentrations of zinc ion in the stack. is the activity coefficient of various ions. Since of different ions can be considered to cancel each other roughly, the following equation is obtained:
Recent advances on hydrometallurgical recovery of critical and precious elements from end of life electronic wastes - a review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
Manivannan Sethurajan, Eric D. van Hullebusch, Danilo Fontana, Ata Akcil, Haci Deveci, Bojan Batinic, João P. Leal, Teresa A. Gasche, Mehmet Ali Kucuker, Kerstin Kuchta, Isabel F. F. Neto, Helena M. V. M. Soares, Andrzej Chmielarz
Besides being less reactive than chloride, iodide allows achieving a faster dissolution of PMs. The use of iodine-iodide system to leach Au and other PMs is extremely advantageous because iodide leaching is considered to be non-toxic, noncorrosive and very selective to Au (Konyratbekova, Baikonurova, & Akcil, 2015). Moreover, both iodine and iodide can be recovered and reused. Under general conditions, iodine dissolves in the presence of iodide to form triiodide ion, which acts as oxidant for elemental Au originating the Au-iodide complex (Konyratbekova, Baikonurova, & Akcil, 2015). The Au-iodide complex is the most stable compound formed by Au and a halogen (Zhang, Chen, & Fang, 2009). However, high rate of reagent consumption during the leaching and high reagent cost limits its industrial application (Syed, 2012; Ghosh, Ghosh, Parhi, Mukherjee, & Mishra, 2015).
Enhanced photoelectrochemical cell performance of Co doped ZnO nanoparticles sensitized by affordable mixed dyes as sensitizer
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Deepak Kumbhar, Sarita Kumbhar, Anant Dhodamani, Sagar Delekar, Namdev Harale, Rekha Nalawade, Avinash Nalawade
Photoelectrochemical cell measurements were achieved by two-electrodes. The photoelectrode (average area 1.0 cm2) act as a working electrode and Pt-deposited FTO (average area 1.0 cm2) were employed as the counter electrodes. The distance between the photoelectrode and counter electrode was 0.5 cm. For the measurement of photoelectrode, the deposited film was dipped in 0.3 mM mixed dye solution at room temperature for 12 h. After sensitization of dye, these photoanodes were removed and washed with ethanol to remove excess dye. Electrolyte solution of triiodide/iodide redox couple containing 0.1 M lithium iodide and 0.05 M iodine in propylene carbonate was used for the I-V measurements. The I-V curves were recorded in dark as well as under light using a Xenon short arc. Lamp (300 W) of solar simulator under standard AM 1.5 one sun illumination (100 mW/cm2). Photocurrent voltage (I-V) measurements of cell architecture ‘glass/FTO/ZnO/I-,I3/Pt/FTO/glass’ are done as shown in Figure 13, respectively. The parameters open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current density (Isc), and fill factor (FF), efficiency in percentage (η%) are written in Table 3. ZnO photoanode gives the lower Jsc of 0.211 mA/cm2 having efficiency output of 0.036%. The increments were observed in case of doped photoanodes. This increment is higher and limited up to 3% Co-ZnO sample with highest 0.38 efficiency and higher Jsc of 2.74 mA/cm2. But 5% Co-ZnO photoanode shows the decreased values. It concerns with the higher electron-hole recombination for higher doping of Co.