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Chemical Reactions of Glycerine
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
Acetins are the mono-, di-, and triacetates of glycerine formed by the reaction of glycerine with acetic acid, acetic anhyride, or ketene [10]. The choice of catalyst plays a role in directing the reaction to form one isomer predominantly. Monoacetin is a thick hygroscopic liquid used in tanning and in the manufacture of explosives. Diacetin is a hygroscopic liquid and is used as a plasticizer and softening agent. The triacetin is a cellulose plasticizer used in cigarette filters and as a binder in solid rocket fuels. In the cosmetic area, it has found use as a fixative in perfumes.
Biofuel Production from Biomass using Extremophilic Microorganisms
Published in Pratibha Dheeran, Sachin Kumar, Extremophiles, 2022
Another acyl acceptor for biodiesel production is an ester such as methyl acetate and ethyl acetate. Methyl and ethyl acetate do not cause negative effect on lipase activity compared to methanol or ethanol (thus no need for stepwise addition) and will produce a higher value byproduct called triacetin or triacetyl glycerol, which do not have a negative effect on the reaction. Triacetin is a useful product that can be used in many fields, such as medicine, food, cosmetics, pesticides, and cigarettes. The comparative result of biodiesel production was shown in Table 1 for different reactions.
Phenolic Resin Adhesives
Published in A. Pizzi, K. L. Mittal, Handbook of Adhesive Technology, 2017
In the case of wood adhesives, firstly, glycerol triacetate (triacetin) and, secondly, guanidine carbonate are the accelerating esters of choice, yielding long pot-lives at ambient temperature and short cure times at higher temperature, and are used in proportions between 3% and 10% of adhesive resin solids. Propylene carbonate is unsuitable for wood adhesive application as it yields far too short pot-lives at ambient temperature. Methyl formate and other esters, including propylene carbonate, are instead used in foundry core binders, where sometimes the proportion of ester accelerator used is up to an equal amount of the resin solids; hence, the accelerator technology differs from one field of application to another. Most other esters are either much less effective accelerators at higher temperature, or they shorten the ambient temperature life of the resin to such an extent that in practice the resin cannot be used [31–36]. Triacetin gives long pot-lives and short cure times instead, due, among others, to its lower rate of hydrolysis at ambient temperature. Another series of compounds, some of which were finally found to yield sufficiently rapid acceleration at higher temperatures, still giving increased strength of the cured resin as well as sufficiently long shelf life at ambient temperature, were the salts of guanidine. Guanidine carbonate, guanidine hydrochloride, and guanidine sulfate were tried with positive results [33]. Guanidine carbonate appeared to be the best PF accelerator, and its accelerating capability remained acceptable, while the shelf life at ambient temperature of the PF and phenol–urea–formaldehyde (PUF) resins to which it had been added in different proportions and the performance in particleboard preparation were the same as triacetin [33]. Even in the case of some industrial higher condensation resins, the pot-life of the resins was as long as 3 weeks, with the guanidine carbonate already incorporated in the resin [33].
Influence of compressed natural gas dual fuel operation with biodiesel and low cetane alcohol as pilot fuels on performance and emission characteristics of a CRDI engine: a novel trade-off investigations
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Ramachander Jatoth, Santhosh Kumar Gugulothu
SOME, popularly known as Kusum oil (Schleicher Aleksa oil methyl ester) is biodiesel, that is produced by the transesterification process of the Schleichera oleosa seed. It serves as an alternative to diesel which is bio-based and non-conventional. It is more suitable as a pilot fuel for CNG dual-fuel operation as it has a higher cetane number compared to another biodiesel. SOME chemical composition has higher oxygen levels and enables better oxidation of the fuel. It is also influential in reducing emissions and ignition delays due to its higher cetane number (Yadav et al. 2018; Ashok et al. 2019). Acetylation of glycerol’s three hydroxyl groups produces triglyceride Triacetin [C9H14O6]. It is being used for the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections due to its fungistatic properties (based on the release of acetic acid). It has a role of antifungal drug, a food additive carrier, a food humectant, a food emulsifier, a plant metabolite, a fuel additive and a solvent as acetic acid is derived from it. Based on the extensive literature, it can be concluded that majority of the work in diesel CNG dual fuel operation is carried out with lesser concentration of CNG and limited work is carried out on the effect of high CNG injection into the CRDI engine. To bridge this gap an effort is made for a comparative study between diesel and SOME as pilot fuel for CNG dual-fuel operation. The main objective of this present study aims to add in this field by introducing high cetane fuel SOME, diesel additive triacetin as a pilot fuel for CNG dual-fuel operation to study the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of CRDI diesel engine.