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The Importance of Respirators Fit – Rules and Good Practices
Published in Katarzyna Majchrzycka, Nanoaerosols, Air Filtering and Respiratory Protection, 2020
The last of the listed qualitative methods is the method that uses irritant smoke. Tin (IV) chloride (formerly: tin tetrachloride SnCl4) – an inorganic salt of hydrochloric acid and tin at oxidation state +4, is used to produce “smoke”. At room temperature, this salt is a colorless liquid that “smokes” in contact with air, emitting a stinging smell. One of the components of the “smoke” is hydrogen chloride, detectable already at a concentration of 5 ppm. It causes throat and nose irritation, coughing and watering of the eyes, and therefore, this method should only be used for the examination of masks. The testing involves a smoke wash of the examined facepiece, in which the subject is breathing while in an open space.
Resource recovery and utilization of bittern wastewater from salt production: a review of recovery technologies and their potential applications
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2021
Arseto Yekti Bagastyo, Afrah Zhafirah Sinatria, Anita Dwi Anggrainy, Komala Affiyanti Affandi, Sucahyaning Wahyu Trihasti Kartika, Ervin Nurhayati
In the recovery of rubidium and cesium, chemical precipitants such as tin (IV) chloride, antimony (III) trichloride, aluminum sulfate, silicomolybdic acid, chloroplatinic acid, iodine chloride, bismuth potassium iodide, and oxalic acid are often used [91]. However, although high recovery rates for rubidium and cesium can be achieved through precipitation, large-scale application of this method is rare owing to its complex mechanism and relatively high operational cost [54]. Furthermore, the content of precipitates often fluctuates, and product purity is low. The recovery of low concentrations of rubidium and cesium from salt lake brine via precipitation is therefore inefficient for large-scale use. As an alternative, precipitation can be applied alongside other separation processes to improve the purity of the products by reducing the amounts of additional chemical precipitants.
Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, thermal behavior and evaluation as an in vitro cytotoxic agent of a tin(IV) complex containing dipicolinic acid
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2020
Rouhollah Heydari, Elham Motieiyan, Sara Abdolmaleki, Alireza Aliabadi, Mohammad Ghadermazi, Fereshteh Bagheri, Hadi Amiri Rudbari
Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, 4-dimethylaminopyridine and tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate were prepared from commercial sources and used as received. The solvents were distilled for all synthetic works. Melting points were obtained on an Electrothermal IA–9100 apparatus. The FT–IR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Vector 22 FT–IR spectrometer using KBr pellets. Electronic spectra were recorded on a Specord 210, Analytik Jena spectrophotometer from 200 to 900 nm at room temperature. 1H NMR (300.13 MHz) and 13C NMR spectra (75.46 MHz) were obtained from a Bruker Ultrashield300 spectrometer. Microanalyses (C, H, N) were measured with a Perkin-Elmer 2004(II) elemental analyzer. Thermal behavior was studied by a PL-1500 TGA apparatus with heating rate of 10 °C/min in N2 atmosphere.
Investigation on synthesis of SnO2 nano-particles using sol–gel process for energy storage application
Published in Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2020
Sudha Periathai R., Pon Vengatesh R., Jeyakumaran N., Prithivikumaran N.
SnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesised by sol–gel process using Hydrous Tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4·5H2O (A.R), Sigma Aldrich, 98% purity) as precursor material, de-ionised water as solvent and Ammonium hydroxide solution (NH4OH, Spectrum, Sp.Gr. 0.91) as precipitating agent. The procedure adopted was as follows: 3.506 g (0.1 M) of Hydrous Tin (IV) chloride was dissolved in 100 mL of de-ionised water. Twelve millilitre of diluted ammonia solution was prepared by mixing 2 mL of ammonium hydroxide solution in 10 mL of de-ionised water. This 12 mL was added into the tin chloride solution at a constant rate (2 mL/15 minute) under constant stirring. The resulting solution was aged at room temperature for 24 hours. The pH value was set at 8 (Sudha Periathai, Jeyakumaran, and Prithivikumaran 2013; Sudha Periathai et al. 2017) by adding ammonia solution. The obtained opal gel was washed with both deionised water and ethanol several times to remove the impurities. Then it was dried at 90°C using heating mantle for 6 hours until the solvent gets completely evaporated. The resulting product was ground well using mortar and pestle.