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The Modern Magnetotherapies
Published in Andrew A. Marino, Modern Bioelectricity, 2020
The problem lay not in the therapy persebut in the failure to isolate the key chemical properties and to discriminate the importance of psychological factors. Now it is clear that the active chemical ingredient is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). Now it is clear that expectancy about the effects of the drug can produce some of the effects as the drug itself. Furthermore, the personality of the client, his psychological expectancy (demand characteristics) and the drug can interact to produce enhanced effects or experiences.
Perceived effects of cannabis and changes in driving performance under the influence of cannabis
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2021
Thomas S. Burt, Timothy L. Brown, Rose Schmitt, Daniel McGehee, Gary Milavetz, Gary R. Gaffney, Chris Berka
Modeling cannabis-induced driving impairment becomes more complicated when trying to predict performance due to individual variances in response to the drug. However, a basic understanding of the pharmacokinetic profile of cannabis can help explain why people react differently. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), one of over several hundred cannabinoids, is the primary psychoactive ingredient found in the cannabis genus of plant. The human endocannabinoid system is rich in cannabinoid receptors found throughout the body. CB1 receptors are found throughout the central nervous system and in regions of the brain that regulate memory, fear, and motor response, among others (National Academies of Sciences et al. 2017). Physiological impairment manifests in different regions of the brain, corresponding to endocannabinoid receptor locations. Variance in these regions of the brain account for up to 25% of individual variances in subjective response to cannabis, while the other 75% is attributed to environmental factors (Lyons et al. 1997). While this knowledge helps explain why people react differently, it does not explain how these differences impair driving performance.
Impact of cannabis and low alcohol concentration on divided attention tasks during driving
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Ryan E. Miller, Timothy L. Brown, Stella Lee, Ishaan Tibrewal, Gary G. Gaffney, Gary Milavetz, Rebecca L. Hartman, David A. Gorelick, Richard Compton, Marilyn A. Huestis
The effects of cannabis are less clear. The principal psychoactive compound in cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), impairs executive function and decision making, decreases perceptual motor speed and accuracy, worsens concentration, and alters the activity of the brain networks involved in cognition (Ramaekers et al. 2009). Previous research observed increased lane weaving, decreased driving speed, and increased variability in headways and lane positioning (Anderson et al. 2010; Downey et al. 2013). While many studies linked blood THC concentration with increased crash risk and driver culpability, the degree to which cannabis use increases crash risk is less clear, with recent meta-analyses finding variable and sometimes contradictory results. Additionally, cannabis is frequently used in tandem with other drugs, complicating risk attribution. Li et al. (2013) and Asbridge et al. (2012) reported cannabis was a significant contributor to fatal crash risk, regardless of the presence of alcohol or other drugs.