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Scope and Application of Bionanotechnology for the Bioremediation of Emerging Contaminants Generated as Industrial Waste Products
Published in Naveen Dwivedi, Shubha Dwivedi, Bionanotechnology Towards Sustainable Management of Environmental Pollution, 2023
Md Shahid Alam, Surabhi Rode, Harry Kaur, Sapna Lonare, Deena Nath Gupta
Tanning and crusting stepsMany toxic heavy metals are released in the effluent during the process of tanning. Tanning can be done in two different ways, i.e., by the use of vegetable tannins extracted from various plant sources, which is an eco-friendlier way, or by using chromium sulfate which, while it is a much more efficient and time-saving method, poses life-threatening side effects. Chromium contamination in water bodies is observed due to the mixing of effluents in groundwater and water resources. Phenolic compounds from vegetable tanning increase the COD of water bodies. Crusting includes the use of various organic compounds and dyes in a stepwise manner. The organic compounds and water-soluble dyes released in effluents produced during crusting are also a matter of great concern.
Treatment Techniques of Industrial Effluents and Wastewater Treatment Plants
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Sweta Parimita Bera, Günay Yıldız Töre, Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment, 2022
Noshin Afshan, Alina Bari, Ambreen Ashar, Nazia Saleem
Generally, water consumption is the highest in the pre-tanning areas, but significant amounts of water are also consumed in post-tanning processes. The soaking stage, the most polluting stage of the tanning process, contributes around 50%–55% of the total pollution load of the tannery industry. In the liming stage, protein, hair, skin and emulsified fats are removed from the hides and are released in the effluent, which increase its total solids contents. The effluents from the tan-yard processes, de-liming and bating, contain sulfides, ammonium salts and calcium salts, leaving the effluent slightly alkaline. The pickling and chrome tanning effluents contain sulfuric acid, chrome, chlorides, sodium bicarbonate and sulfates. Only about 20% of the large number of chemicals used in the tanning process is absorbed by the leather, and the rest is released as wastes. The major pollutants of the post-tanning process are chrome salts, dyestuff residues, fat liquoring agents, syntans and other organic matter. Worldwide, it is estimated that discharged tannery effluents contain 300–400 million tons of heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge and other wastes, which are dumped into water bodies each year.50 Hence, human health is severely affected by toxic hazards generated through the unskilled and unprotected tanning chemicals, treated hides and skins and handling of pesticides.
Processing and Chemical Pollutants in Industries
Published in Pankaj Chowdhary, Sujata Mani, New Technologies for Reclamation of Industrial Wastewater, 2021
The tannery industry, which utilizes a substantial quantity of chemicals during the process of transforming animal hides to produce leather, has been regarded as the most polluting industrial sector. In most countries, the chrome tanning process is utilized due to its excellent leather production and smooth operation (Chowdhary et al., 2017). Chrome tanning is a wet process that requires a large amount of water—90% of which will be released as an effluent. During transforming process, a broad quantity of chemicals—colored compounds, toxic metals, sodium chlorides, sulfates, a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, biologically oxidizable tanning materials, putrefying suspended materials, etc.—are used and released with the wastewaters (Chandra and Chaudhary, 2013). The presence of these massive pollutants in the tannery wastewaters damage the aquatic life of the water bodies and soil profile of the land receiving it.
Greener approach for goat skin tanning
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Tolera Seda Badessa, Mihret Tekalign Hailemariam, Shegaw Mohammed Ahmed
Leather industry is the environmental concern of all over the world as it releases huge amounts of chemical effluents to the environment especially during tanning step of the process. In Ethiopia there are large number of leather industries which are commonly using chemicals for tanning process and release tremendous amounts of chemical pollutants to the environment. Tanning is a process in which the leather-making protein is completely stimulating against heat, enzymatic biodegradation, thermo-mechanical stress by converting the fibrous protein of raw hide or skin into stable material and making the leather suitable for a wide variety of end uses (Everton et al., 2020). In tanning processes tanning materials are able to crosslink with reactive site of fibrous protein, and it involves the conversion of putrefiable skin or hides to a non-putrefiable material (Alex & Arthur, 2016). Tanning is considered as one of the important steps that protect the leather against microbial degradation There are a wide variety of tanning agents that are available at the market today. Some of these include vegetable, alum, chrome, oil and aldehyde tanning agents. Among the tanning agents, chrome tanning is the dominant and widely used in the leather industries. Chrome tanned leather accounts for 90% of leathers in the world. Although chrome tanning has gained importance in leather manufacture, its advantage is over shadowed by its negative impact on the environment. It is a global environmental disaster and puts the health of millions of leather workers and ordinary citizens at risk (Abul et al., 2015).
Evaluation and speciation of heavy metals in the soil of the Sub Urban Region of Southern India
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2022
M. Sinduja, V. Sathya, M. Maheswari, P. Dhevagi, P. Kalpana, G. K. Dinesh, Shiv Prasad
An estimated 75000 tonnes of chromium are discharged into the atmosphere each year as an effect of human activities, and 54000 tons of chromium are further released to the environment by natural sources such as weathering and biochemical processes (WHO 1995). About 80% of Indian tanneries are engaged in the chrome tanning process, the most significant contributor to chromium pollution in India (Unceta et al. 2010). It is quantified that nearly 2000–3000 tonnes of chromium are released into the surroundings per year from tanneries in India alone (Ahamed and Kashif 2014). These industries consist of two types of tanning, such as vegetable and chrome tanning. The average wastewater discharges from chrome and vegetable tanneries are about 110 and 2400 Kl day−1, respectively. Anthropogenic and natural sources contribute mixing of chromium with groundwater, surface water, and soil. The anthropogenic sources include contamination of water through many types of chromium (Cr) that are used in several industrial processes and manufacturing products such as chromium plating, leather tanning, electroplating, metal finishing, inhibition of metal corrosion, fabric paints and pigment manufactures, and application as catalyst (Kumar and Riyazuddin 2011; Laxmi and Kaushik 2020; Nirola et al. 2018; Tammaro et al. 2014).
Sustainable supply chain management in the leather industry: a systematic literature review
Published in International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 2022
Xiaowei Chen, Linqi Xu, Zhou Ren, Fu Jia, Yiqi Yu
Many sustainable leather projects have been conducted within EU. The green Leather Industry For the Environment (GreenLIFE) Project from 2014 to 2017 is an important case proposed by the EC to develop innovative sustainable leather manufacturing techniques with five companies in the Arzignano tannery district in Italy (De Marchi and Di Maria 2019). The project contributes to four new liming/tanning processes of lower environmental footprint and EU sustainable legislation. A second approach is the SWITCH-Asia programme, supported by the EU, to support sustainable production and consumption patterns in Asian countries (SWITCH-Asia 2007). Seventeen of their grant programmes belong to the Textile and Leather theme, helping countries like India, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, etc. The third case focuses on the competitiveness of smaller companies: the ELIIT (European light industries innovation and technology) project in 2019 aims to bolster small and medium-sized enterprises’ competitiveness in the textile, clothing, leather and footwear industries (EC-ELIIT 2019).