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Pharmacokinetics of Nanomaterials/Nanomedicines
Published in Yasser Shahzad, Syed A.A. Rizvi, Abid Mehmood Yousaf, Talib Hussain, Drug Delivery Using Nanomaterials, 2022
Mulham Alfatama, Zalilawati Mat Rashid
Nanotherapeutics-based pulmonary delivery via inhalation techniques has been attracting considerable attention over the recent years and has been an investigational research area for several decades. The unique physiological characteristics of the lungs allowing both local and systemic delivery of therapeutics including high blood flow exposure, large absorptive area, slow surface clearance, and thin alveolar epithelial layer. The appealing noninvasive attribute of inhaled drugs enables localized administration to the lungs with improved bioavailability and efficiency of various formulations to a specific site of action followed by systemic distribution. Pulmonary local delivery is highly preferred over conventional invasive techniques in overcoming toxicities, degradations in the gastrointestinal tract, and hepatic first-pass metabolism (Shen and Minko 2020). Conversely, systemic administration is usually associated with increased adverse effects due to drug distribution to both diseased and healthy tissues. Nonetheless, most of the drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins are unable to be administrated into the lungs in their free form, thus, demanding a special formulation or nanoformulation for inhalation delivery.
Organic Nanocarriers for Brain Drug Delivery
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Marlene Lúcio, Carla M. Lopes, Eduarda Fernandes, Hugo Gonẹalves, Maria Elisabete C. D. Real Oliveira
Systemic administration includes all routes which involve the passage of NCs to the blood circulation, such as classical intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections or those through the digestive tract (like oral administration), lungs or transdermal administrations [2, 23]. In such administration routes, NCs also require stealth strategies. Moreover, NCs face more off-target tissues, and if a targeted strategy is not adequate to direct NCs to the brain, they can be metabolised in the liver, thereby modifying the amount of circulating therapeutics available to the brain [23]. Furthermore, the liver, kidneys, intestine, skin, lungs and organs which separate the brain from the blood flow release enzymes which can metabolise xenobiotics and may likewise metabolise NCs [23]. Another part of the NCs can be excreted by the kidneys (especially if NC sizes are smaller than 5 nm) [24], which makes it difficult to estimate the accurate amount of the medication which finally enters the brain [2, 23].
The emergence of nanoporous materials in lung cancer therapy
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Deepika Radhakrishnan, Shan Mohanan, Goeun Choi, Jin-Ho Choy, Steffi Tiburcius, Hoang Trung Trinh, Shankar Bolan, Nikki Verrills, Pradeep Tanwar, Ajay Karakoti, Ajayan Vinu
Nanosized drug delivery carriers could be composed of inorganic, organic or their hybrid materials. The advantages of nano carriers, such as, tunable size, shape, rich functionality, and the versatility in the surface modifications for efficient drug delivery in lung cancer have been demonstrated in various articles [9,10]. A quick survey of the past five-year research in this field demonstrates the pertinence of nano sized drug delivery for cancer therapies [10–17]. Even though the use of non-porous nanosized drug delivery carriers for drug/gene/peptide delivery through systemic administration in lung cancer [18,19] is popular, the research on porous nanomaterials for drug delivery in lungs have also gained a significant traction including the use of such porous nanomaterials in inhalation route of administration [20,21].