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Flow Batteries
Published in Huamin Zhang, Huamin Zhang, Xianfeng Li, Jiujun Zhang, Redox Flow Batteries, 2017
In a more recent patent application by Savinell and coworkers [34] a Fe3+ stabilizing agent is employed in the positive half-cell electrolyte and/or a hydrogen suppressing agent in the negative half-cell electrolyte. The supporting electrolyte may be a chloride, sulfate, nitrate or combination of these. The stabilizing agent may be chosen from cyanide, sucrose, glycerol, ethylene glycol, DMSO, acetate, oxalate, citrate, acetyl acetone, fluoride, an amino acid (glutamate and/or glycine), tartrate, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, or a combination of the above. The hydrogen suppressing agent is chosen from boric acid, a heavy metal, Pb, Bi, Mn, W, Cd, As, Sb, Sn, or a combination of these. The pH is typically between 1 and 1.8 in the absence of stabilizing agents to prevent precipitation of iron hydroxides, but may be > 2 when stabilizing agents are used. The electrode in the negative half-cell may comprise a slurry of conducting particles such as graphite, copper, titanium or a combination of these, iron particles, iron coated particles, or a combination of these.
Battery Energy Storage
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
A secondary electrolyte, known as supporting electrolyte or inert electrolyte, is often added in an electrochemical cell to reduce the ohmic voltage drop due to migration. The supporting electrolyte increases the conductivity of ions in the electrolyte. Additionally, the electrolyte reduces the electric field substantially which reduces the migration of the active species. The current conduction due to diffusion or migration reduces significantly with the addition of the supporting electrolyte. The inert ions in the cell are primarily responsible for the current conduction within the cell. The diffusion process still remains the dominant mechanism of supplying reactant materials to the electrodes.
Experimental Aspects
Published in Ramanathan Srinivasan, Fathima Fasmin, An Introduction to Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, 2021
Ramanathan Srinivasan, Fathima Fasmin
If the resistance of the solution is very small, it would be ideal because the potential drop across the cell will be primarily across the double-layer of the electrodes. However, in many cases, the system under study may have high solution-resistance. For example, one may want to study the deposition of Cu onto a gold electrode from a solution containing 0.1 mM concentration of CuSO4 in water. The conductivity of that solution will be poor. Now, it is possible to increase the conductivity by adding a salt such as KClO4. Here, KClO4 is called the supporting electrolyte. The supporting electrolyte is chosen such that it will not participate in the reaction that is studied, and its only purpose is to increase the conductivity without undergoing any reaction. Because of the presence of the ions of the supporting electrolyte, the solution resistance is low, and the electric field is more or less the same throughout the solution. The field change occurs mainly across the double-layer, in the electrode–electrolyte interface. Besides, perchlorate anions are large, and hence the charge density, i.e., the charge per unit volume, will be small. Therefore, it will not adsorb strongly onto the electrode. Potassium ion will have hydration sheath around it, and hence it also effectively has a low charge density and thus will not adsorb onto the electrode. In some cases, such as the test of biological fluids, adding salt to the electrolyte will cause unwanted effects such as precipitation of colloidal particles and change in the structure of the proteins in the electrolytes. In those cases, the unsupported system should be investigated, and the results must be analyzed after taking the solution resistance into account, as described in the final chapter.
Electrochemical degradation of vanillin using lead dioxide electrode: influencing factors and reaction pathways
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Yuhan Diao, Yang Yang, Leilei Cui, Ying Shen, Han Wang, Yingwu Yao
In the electrochemical degradation process, we choose Na2SO4 as the supporting electrolyte, due to it good stability and does not participate in the REDOX reaction. In order to explicate the effect of the concentration of supporting electrolyte on the electrochemical degradation of vanillin, experiments were carried out at different concentrations of Na2SO4 (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 mol L−1). As shown in Figure 4(a,b), the degradation efficiency of vanillin and COD first increases with the concentration of Na2SO4, and then decreases. When the concentration of Na2SO4 is 0.10 mol L−1, the removal efficiency of vanillin and COD reaches the maximum of 98.03% and 73.28%, respectively. As shown in Figure 4(c), when the concentration of Na2SO4 increases from 0.05–0.10 mol L−1, the K value increases from 0.02547–0.03036 min−1, but when the concentration of Na2SO4 increases to 0.25 mol L−1, the K value decreases to 0.01509 min−1. This shows that with the increase of Na2SO4 concentration, the conductivity of the solution increases, which promotes the generation of hydroxyl radicals and improves the degradation efficiency. However, at high Na2SO4 concentration, more anions will be moved to the anode under the action of electric field. Therefore, the number of active sites of the electrode will decrease, which will lead to the decrease of vanillin removal efficiency [58]. We can consider 0.10 mol L−1 as the optimal concentration of supporting electrolyte.
Electro-galvanic alkalization and treatment of rainwater to obtain drinking water.
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Cristina Morales-Figueroa, Ivonne Linares-Hernández, Verónica Martínez-Miranda, Elia Alejandra Teutli-Sequeira, Luis Antonio Castillo-Suárez, Laura Garduño-Pineda
The supporting electrolyte provided ideal conditions for the aqueous medium to facilitate the migration of metal ions (from the anode to the cathode). In this case, sea salt as a supporting electrolyte increased the conductivity of the sample and contributed to the destruction of the passive oxide layer on the cathode surface (Keyikoglu et al., 2019; Pilban Jahromi et al., 2021; Zaldivar-Díaz et al., 2023), in addition to being low-cost (Ebba et al., 2022). The experiments were carried out by testing two types of electrolytes (sea salt and ) at different concentrations (0.004, 0.005, 0.007, 0.009, and 0.01 M).