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Waste of biodiesel production: Conversion of glycerol into biofuel additives
Published in Cândida Vilarinho, Fernando Castro, Maria de Lurdes Lopes, WASTES – Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities II, 2017
S. Carlota, J.E. Castanheiro, A.P. Pinto
The reaction of glycerol with acetone gives a branched oxygen-containing compound and could be used as an additive in the biodiesel formulation, improving the cold properties and lowering the viscosity (Trifoi et al., 2016). The products of glycerol condensation with acetone are (2,2-Dimethyl-[1,3]dioxan-4-yl)-methanol (solketal) and 2,2-Dimethyl-[1,3]dioxan-5-ol. Solketal is an excellent compound for the formulation of gasoline, diesel and biodiesel fuels. This reaction has been studied over heterogeneous catalysts, including zeolites and Amberlyst (Deutsch et al., 2007), sulfonic mesostructured silica (Vicente et al., 2010) and PVA-SO3H (Lopes et al., 2015).
Emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with nanoemulsions of continuous diesel dispersed with solketal droplets
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Cherng-Yuan Lin, Shih-Ming Tsai
Solketal, also referred to glycerol acetonide, can be produced through a chemical ketalization conversion from bioglycerol with acetone.[1] The fast global development of the biofuel industry produces a great quantity of bioglycerol, which is a by-product of the biodiesel manufacturing process. It was estimated that the production of bioglycerol might reach 3 million tons in 2020, and the USA and EU are the main production regions of bioglycerol.[2]
Experimental research on ethyl acetate as novel oxygenated fuel in the spark-ignition (SI) engine
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Abdülvahap Çakmak, Murat Kapusuz, Hakan Özcan
In the present literature, there are several studies on fusel oil and alcohol-based fuel for the SI engine (Abdalla et al. 2019; Solmaz 2015). The effect of fusel oil on the combustion, engine performance, and exhaust emissions in an SI engine was analyzed by Solmaz (Solmaz 2015) He concluded that the use of fusel oil resulted in poor combustion due to its low heating value and water content. In addition, the flame development and the flame propagation duration was prolonged, reducing engine performance. Furthermore, fusel oil caused an increase in HC and CO emissions while a reduction in NOx emissions due to inefficient combustion. However, Abdalla et al. (Abdalla et al. 2019) stated that fusel oil can be used as novel fuel due to its high octane number and oxygen content. Their study revealed that fusel oil leads to improving engine performance under high engine speed and fuel-rich conditions, due to complete combustion. Moreover, it was determined that brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption increased while NOx emission decreased, with fusel oil compared to gasoline. Solketal is a second-generation biofuel and it is produced from glycerol with acetone in the presence of heterogeneous catalyst (Mota et al. 2010). The study of solketal use in an SI engine was performed by Alptekin and Canakcı (Alptekin and Canakci 2017). They examined fuel characteristics, engine performance and exhaust emissions of the solketal-gasoline blend and concluded that when gasoline blended with 9 vol. % solketal, the octane number and fuel density was increased. However, brake specific fuel consumption increased with the solketal blend. The emissions result indicated that the solketal-gasoline blend yielded lower CO and HC emissions while higher CO2 and NOX emissions when compared to base gasoline. Currently, there is a growing interest to study acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) which is an intermediate fermentation product (Liu, Liu, and Feng 2005), as a potential alternative fuel (Nithyanandan et al. 2016). ABE is proposed as an alternative fuel because it maintains the advantages of oxygenated fuels with low fuel costs (Nithyanandan et al. 2016). Therefore, a number of research studies have been carried out on the ABE, and these studies have indicated that ABE may be a possible alternative to base gasoline (Fournier, Simon, and Seers 2016; Li et al. 2017b).