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Glass
Published in Arthur Lyons, Materials for Architects and Builders, 2019
Ceramic glass is characterised by a near zero coefficient of expansion, making it highly resistant to thermal shock. The composition of ceramic glass is complex, comprising typically 50–80% silica and 15–27% alumina, with small quantities of sodium oxide, potassium oxide, barium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, lithium oxide and other minor constituents. The glass is initially produced by a standard float or rolling technique, but subsequent heat treatment converts part of the normal glassy phase into a fine-grained crystalline form, giving rise to the particular physical properties. Ceramic glass has a high softening point compared to other glass products used in construction.
First-Level Packaging Considerations for the use of Electronic Hardware at High Temperatures
Published in F. Patrick McCluskey, Richard Grzybowski, Thomas Podlesak, High Temperature Electronics, 2018
F. Patrick McCluskey, Richard Grzybowski, Thomas Podlesak
Glass sealing is used to seal ceramic packages that require a high-temperature electrically insulating attach, and that can tolerate the sealing temperatures. Advantages of glass seals are their low cost and their good CTE match to ceramic case materials. High temperature concerns with glass lead seals are their softening point, the decrease in modulus and strength near the softening point, and the increase in coefficient of thermal expansion above the softening point. The softening point is the temperature at which a 0.65 mm diameter glass fiber suspended vertically will elongate under its own weight at the rate of 1mm/min, as defined by ASTM C 338. A list of these softening points is given in Table 5.12.
The influence of rubber Recyclate morphology on the Properties of rubber-asphalt Composite
Published in Omari V. Mukbaniani, Marc J. M. Abadie, Tamara N. Tatrishvili, Chemical Engineering of Polymers, 2017
M. Sienkiewicz, H. Janik, K. BorzęDowska-Labuda, Sz. Konkel
Samples were tested after “maturation” at 180°C for 3 h. The softening point was tested by”the ring and ball” method. The first step is filling two rings with rubber-asphalt composites then put balls on them. Then the rings are arranged on a special stand and put in a water which is heated at a rate of 5°C. The temperature at which the rubber-asphalt composite touches the base of the stand is considered as the softening temperature.
E-Waste plastic powder modified bitumen: rheological properties and performance study of bituminous concrete
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2021
Hrishikesh Ashok Shahane, Sukhanand Sopan Bhosale
The softening point is the temperature at which the substance attains a particular degree of softening under specified conditions of the test. Temperature susceptibility of the EPPMB is presented in Table 3. With the increase in EPP content beyond 2.5% the softening point increases continuously. No significant change in softening point was observed up to 2.5% EPP concentration. Whereas, an increase in the softening point by 1°C was noticed when additive content by weight of bitumen increased from 2.5% to 4%. IRC SP 53 (2010) recommended that the minimum value of the softening point should be 55°C for modified bitumen. In the present study, bitumen modified with a minimum of 5% EPP meets these criteria. Generally, the higher softening point shows lower temperature susceptibility and is preferred in hot climates.
The investigation on the effects of sulphur on the performance of sulphur-bitumen binder
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Thu Trang Nguyen, Ngoc Hung Tran, Ngoc Kien Bui, The Thuan Vu, Huy Khang Pham, Xuan Cay Bui
The softening point was evaluated according to the ASTM D36 Standard. Softening point is a specification to assess the quality of bitumen and to determine the temperature when bitumen softens and deforms. This is one of the factors in predicting the meltability of bitumen when temperatures rise. The softening point of bitumen is determined by the Ring and Ball Apparatus as shown in Figure 7. The softening point of reference bitumen and SBB was recorded at 0, 7, 14 and 30 days.
Performance evaluation of asphalt binders modified with waste engine oil and various additives
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2022
Shayan Abbas, Syed Bilal Ahmed Zaidi, Imtiaz Ahmed
The softening point test was conducted according to ASTM D36-76 via ring and ball apparatus. Theoretically softening point is a temperature at which the original/modified binder cannot sustain a steel ball (weight = 3.5 grams). The temperature is recorded as softening point when the steel balls surrounded by the binder cover a distance of approximately 1 inch.