China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Direct, Discharge and Resist Styles of Printing
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Principles of Textile Printing, 2023
Solvents and dispersing agents are sometimes used to prevent aggregation of dye-stuff molecules in a highly concentrated paste of the dye. Commonly used solvents include diethylene glycol and thio-diethylene glycol. These are excellent solvents and used in printing to assist dissolution of the dyes and promote the production of level and deeper print patterns. Use of urea is practiced judiciously, and it is recommended to use thiourea particularly in bright colors to get bright and clear prints. Other items used include glycerin and triethanolamine in optimal quantities to get good sharp prints. In certain cases, addition of benzyl alcohol is also recommended to the print paste for quicker swelling during steaming and better penetration. In fact, non-humectant types of penetrating agents also used to improve the color yield could include phenol, lithium bromide and sodium thiocyanate.
Validation of Recovery and Purification Processes
Published in James Agalloco, Phil DeSantis, Anthony Grilli, Anthony Pavell, Handbook of Validation in Pharmaceutical Processes, 2021
Protein refolding is an example of a stirred-tank reaction. Overproduced proteins from foreign hosts in bacterial cells are often recovered as refractile or inclusion bodies (IB). The IB are typically 1–3 microns in size and contain (mainly) the protein of interest in a misfolded state. After cell disruption, these dense inclusion bodies are easily separated by centrifugation. Next, the inclusion bodies are washed and solubilized and the proteins refolded to obtain the biologically active product. Solubilization agents are chaotropes such as guani-dine hydrochloride, urea, or sodium thiocyanate; surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate or Triton X-100 are added in the presence of reducing agents. Refolding occurs when the concentration of the solubilization agent is reduced, typically be either dilution or diafiltration, sometimes in the presence of oxidation/reduction reactants. Aggregates may form if the protein concentration is too high. Finally, oxidation of the cysteine residues is needed for allow for correct disulfide bond formation in the native protein.
Functions of Glycerine in Cosmetics
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
The underlying interactions of oils and humectants have been studied using in vitro physical chemical methods [49]. As convention dictates, occlusivity and water-holding capacity of creams were taken as prognosticators of the skin hydrating effects, and this indeed was realized when collagen membrane was used as a skin model. As to be expected, the addition of humectants, such as glycerine to a cream decreased the occlusivity but increased the water-holding capacity. Interestingly, they reported that occlusivity and water-holding capacity depended more on the humectant than the oil content; a finding that gives valuable clues in the formulation of an effective skin treatment. In an extension of the just-reported study, the same team examined the effects of the addition of humectants to water-in-oil creams [50]. In order of increasing effect, the quantity of water migrating through the oil phase was affected by the following humectants: glycerine, urea, and sodium thiocyanate. The effect of humectants in decreasing occlusivity, but increasing the water holding capacity was much more pronounced with water-in-oil than oil-in-water creams.
Catalytic study of Ni/Ce/Al2O3 and Ni/Ca/Al2O3 on the removal of naphthenic acid from petroleum crude oil utilizing sodium thiocyanate in ethanol
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2020
Norshahidatul Akmar Mohd Shohaimi, Nur Shahirah Mohd Halim, Ahmad Zamani Ab Halim, Nurasmat Mohd Shukri, Nor Hakimin Abdullah
Crude oil and sodium thiocyanate in ethanol solution with a mass ratio of 0.6:0.4 were put into an Erlenmeyer flask filled with a magnetic stirrer. A total of 10% (w/w) of sodium thiocyanate solutions in ethanol and cerium oxide catalyst were added to the crude oil (Shi, et al., 2008). The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at a temperature of 27 °C during the extraction process. After 15 minutes of reaction, the mixture was put in a centrifuge tube and was centrifuged with a speed of 4000 rpm for 15 minutes to separate the chemical reagent with the acids compound from the crude oil. The top layer of the solution in the centrifuge tube was deacidified crude oil while chemical reagent with acidic compound extracted from the crude oil was on the bottom layer.
Separation of Pt and Pd from chloride solutions by liquid–liquid extraction using Alamine 308 and analysis of their mechanism: A possible recovery from spent auto catalysts
Published in Geosystem Engineering, 2022
To find out a suitable stripping reagent, HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H2O2, NH4Cl, NaSCN, and (NH2)2CS with HCl, were used at different concentrations. The metal-loaded organic was generated using 0.005 M Alamine 308 with the aqueous solution containing a Pt and Pd concentration of 0.0005 M in the saturated solution of NaCl at pH 1.5. As mentioned earlier, the selective stripping of Pt from the loaded organic phase was accomplished with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) solution. The stripping reaction using NaSCN for Pt can be represented as:
Charge-transfer-to-solvent states provide a sensitive spectroscopic probe of the local solvent structure around anions
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
Ronit Sarangi, Kaushik D. Nanda, Anna I. Krylov
The first set of snapshots was obtained using classical molecular dynamics (MD) with a standard non-polarizable force-field. In the MD simulations, we used TIP3P water [38] and the force-field parameters for sodium thiocyanate of Tesei et al. [39], which were reported to perform well for modeling both bulk and interfacial solvation. The second set was obtained using QM/MM ab initio MD (AIMD) with a high-quality density functional (ωB97X-D) [40, 41]. This choice was in part motivated by the results of Baer and Mundy [42], who studied the dynamics of bulk and interfacial anions (including thiocyanate) using the BLYP functional with Grimme's dispersion.