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Application of Synchrotron Radiation Technology in Marine Biochemistry and Food Science Studies
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Toshiki Nakano, Masafumi Hidaka
The otolith is a noncellular tissue characterized by a slower metabolism than other hard tissues (e.g., bones and scales), in which, once deposited, elements remain stable throughout the life cycle. Therefore, otoliths can be regarded as fish flight recorders. Many ecological studies in fish have focused on the level of Sr in otoliths because Sr is an alkaline earth metal with properties similar to those of Ca. Therefore, Sr is more likely to be incorporated into otoliths than other elements, and its concentration in otoliths is high. In addition, because the Sr concentration differs depending on the water, it reflects the concentration in the environment. The incorporation of specific elements, including Sr, in otoliths is known to be influenced by various environmental factors, such as water temperature, salinity, concentration, and stress, as well as biological factors, such as growth, ontogeny, and nutritional state (Thomas and Swearer 2019; Hüssy et al. 2020; Dimaria, Miller, and Hurst 2010).
Local Structure and Luminescence Tuning in Phosphors
Published in Ru-Shi Liu, Xiao-Jun Wang, Phosphor Handbook, 2022
Alkaline-earth metal orthosilicate phosphors M2SiO4:Eu2+ (M = Sr, Ba) have aroused wide research interests in wLED applications. Its luminescence was first reported by Barry in 1968.[86] Among this silicate series, Ba2SiO4 and high-temperature phase α-Sr2SiO4 belong to the β-K2SO4-type orthorhombic crystal system with space group Pmnb. [87,88] Two cation sites exist: ten-coordinated M1 site and nine-coordinated M2 site. Denault et al. reported the dependence of thermal luminescent stability on the composition in (Ba1−xSrx)2SiO4:Eu2+ phosphors, drawing the conclusion that the intermediate composition with 46% Sr has the highest resistance to the thermal quenching of luminescence and ascribed this to optimal bonding that creates a more rigid crystal structure compared to the end-member compositions. [3]
Vacuum tube and plasma displays
Published in John P. Dakin, Robert G. W. Brown, Handbook of Optoelectronics, 2017
Makoto Maeda, Tsutae Shinoda, Heiju Uchiike
Figure 5.2 shows the cross-section of the electron gun. This device is equipped with a cathode and operates in an electric lens system. The cathode is usually an oxide composition of barium (Ba), calcium (Ca) and strontium (Sr). Activated by heat at about 800°C, the cathode emits electrons. When varying picture signal voltage with an amplitude of about 100 V is applied to the cathode, the volume of electrons going through the grit 1 (G1) changes: the bigger the volume, the brighter the picture and vice versa. But to focus the dispersed electrons emitted from the cathode in large current and to create pictures on the panel, we must carefully design the structure and shape of the gun’s electrode and the arrangement of applied voltage. Using 100 V signals, the electron gun can control electrons of 30 keV of energy. This function as a noise free amplifier is unique and not found in any other device of flat panel displays.
High-Performance Exploration of Buried Channel In0.53Ga0.47/InP Stepped Poly Gate MOSFET Using Asymmetric Underlap Gate Spacer
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
S. S. Mohanty, S. Mishra, M. Mohapatra, G. P. Mishra
Figure 10(b) depicts the comparison of output resistance () against underlap length for both the devices. can be interpreted in terms of for a gate . From the above figure, it is indicated that marginally rises from 0 nm to 4 nm and then beyond 4 nm, it maintains a constant value for both the cases. Figure 11(a) shows the comparison of the switching current ratio (SR) for both structures by varying the underlap length from 0 nm to 8 nm. For better device operation and better switching speed, SR plays a very crucial role in recent CMOS technology. To achieve minimum power consumption the value of SR is necessarily considered as high as possible. For both cases, SR increases with an increased , but in the case of ASSH-DG MOSFET, the greater switching ratio is obtained because of the reduced value of parasitic capacitance from source to drain end. Figure 11(b) shows the comparison of early voltage to underlap length varies from 0 nm to 8 nm for both the structures. In both cases increases as the underlap length increases. It is due to the improvement of output saturation current, which indicates that the device has a reduced channel length modulation effect.
Pacing in lane-based head-to-head competitions: A systematic review on swimming
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
Stein Gerrit Paul Menting, Marije Titia Elferink-Gemser, Barbara Catharina Huijgen, Florentina Johanna Hettinga
Swimming is a head-to-head sport entailing a unique combination of characteristics. Firstly, swimmers propel themselves through water, which requires more energy than overcoming air resistance during running or cycling races (Toussaint, 1990; Toussaint et al., 1988). Because of the extensive energy loss to the environment, it is essential for swimmers to reduce drag and to optimise propulsion (Barbosa et al., 2010; Holmér, 1974). Increased propulsion can be achieved by increasing the number of strokes for a given distance, defined as the stroke rate (SR), or by increasing the distance covered per stroke, namely the stroke length (SL). Due to the propulsion through water, an increase in SR will induce an increase in drag and, therefore, an increase in the amount of energy lost to the environment (Barbosa et al., 2010). Hence, elite swimmers mostly increase SL and reduce drag compared with non-elite swimmers (Barbosa et al., 2010). It has been posited that to ensure an optimally paced race, a swimmer should minimise fluctuations in velocity throughout the race, thereby minimising energy loss to the environment in the form of drag (Barbosa et al., 2010; De Koning et al., 2011). Moreover, a key phase of the race is the underwater phase that follows the start and turns. During this phase, the highest race velocity is achieved due to the increased impulse following the dive or push off from the wall and the decrease in drag as a result of the adoption of a streamlined body position (Hochstein & Blickhan, 2014: Vantorre, Chollet, & Seifert, 2014). Swimming entails several different stroke types and various race lengths, each associated with a specific technical skillset and energetic demand (Barbosa et al., 2006; Capelli, Pendergast, & Termin, 1998; Zamparo et al., 2005). The race distance in a pool ranges from 50 m to 200 m for the breaststroke, backstroke and butterfly events and up to 1,500 m for freestyle races (FINA, 2017). In open water, races can range from 5 to 25 km (Swimming World Magazine, 2017). Moreover, pool swimming competitions are generally organised as a qualifying structure comprising heats, semi-finals and finals. A final characteristic is that during pool swimming events, the competitors are separated by lanes. Consequently, competitors do not have to compete to be positioned in the ideal line, as is common in other head-to-head competitions such as (track-) cycling, running, short-track speed skating or Boat Race rowing.