China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Organic Small-Molecule Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
Published in Zhigang Rick Li, Organic Light-Emitting Materials and Devices, 2017
Shijian Su, Norman Herron, Hong Meng
Many other inorganic compounds, like MnO [161], lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) [175], cesium hydroxide (CsOH) [176], and LiF [177] were also reported as dopants in Alq3 for an efficient electron-injection and electron-transport layer. The bilayer structure [178], a mixed layer of Alq3 and 8-hydroxyquinolinato lithium (Liq) and a Liq layer, showed high efficiency of 11.6 cd/A compared with 9.8 cd/A for LiF EIL, and the lifetime of OLED was improved by 40% at 1000 cd/m2 with the bilayer structure. Besides, BPhen doped with rubidium carbonate (Rb2CO3) [179] or cesium oxide (CS2O) [180] or cesium azide (CsN3) [181] were also investigated as n-doped EILs in OLEDs.
Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Solution Chemistry
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
Rubidium Rubidium amide Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium hydride Rubidium hydrogen fluoride Rubidium hydrogen sulfate Rubidium hydroxide Rubidium iodide Rubidium metaborate Rubidium nitrate Rubidium nitrite Rubidium oxide Rubidium perchlorate Rubidium peroxide Rubidium sulfate Rubidium superoxide Ruthenium Ruthenium(III) bromide Ruthenium(III) chloride Ruthenium(III) iodide Ruthenium(IV) oxide Ruthenium(VIII) oxide Salicylaldehyde Salicylaldoxime Samarium Samarium(III) chloride Samarium(III) fluoride Samarium(III) oxide Sarcosine Scandium
Selective CO2 permeation properties of a membrane composed of a three-component polymer blend and cesium carbonate
Published in Soft Materials, 2023
Several polymer-based membranes have been developed for CO2 separation.[30–35] These membranes are categorized as facilitated transport membranes containing carbonates or amines, which allow CO2 to permeate the membrane efficiently. Both carbonates and amines act as carriers of CO2, and water is used to facilitate the chemical reaction between CO2 and these carriers.[36–38] We focus on superabsorbent polymers (SAP), which have both water absorption and water retention functions, as membrane materials.[39–41] In addition, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was blended into the SAP to improve the gas barrier properties. Following this concept, we developed a separation membrane composed of composite polymers of cross-linked acrylic acid polymer sodium salt, sodium polyacrylate, and PVA.[30,31] Cesium carbonate was selected among the carbonates that promote CO2 permeation because it is more soluble in water than potassium carbonate and less expensive than rubidium carbonate. A simple gas permeation mechanism for a separation membrane containing cesium carbonate is shown in Fig. 1. He permeates through dissolution-diffusion, and, therefore, the PVA distributed in the membrane acts as a gas barrier and controls the permeation of He. However, the permeation of CO2 is enhanced in the presence of a water-absorbing agent and cesium carbonate in the membrane through the reaction (1).
Resource recovery and utilization of bittern wastewater from salt production: a review of recovery technologies and their potential applications
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2021
Arseto Yekti Bagastyo, Afrah Zhafirah Sinatria, Anita Dwi Anggrainy, Komala Affiyanti Affandi, Sucahyaning Wahyu Trihasti Kartika, Ervin Nurhayati
Solvent extraction is also a widely used technology for the extraction of rubidium and cesium. Some common extraction agents include phenolic alcohols, crown ethers, and ionic liquids. Of these, phenolic alcohols such as 4–tert–butyl–2– (α–methylbenzyl) phenol (t-BAMBP) have shown the highest efficiency in terms of the separation and extraction of rubidium and cesium, with rates of 95% and 99.8%, respectively [26], and with a purity of more than 98% for rubidium carbonate and cesium carbonate [92]. The use of t-BAMBP can give excellent stability and selectivity, a fast reaction, and a highly efficient process compared to other extraction agents. However, although this extraction agent is easy to strip and is recyclable, the organic solvent is considered to be a pollutant [54], thus, further handling of the solvent residue is required to minimize the environmental impact.