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Noninvasive Applications of Photon Radiation (Excluding Imaging)
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Non-Invasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis, 2017
The red (635 nm) major fluorescent emission peak from PpIX has been investigated as a marker for oral carcinoma. In one study, 410-nm excitation elicited PpIX-like fluorescence spectra from 85% of oral carcinomas irradiated. Analysis of the emissions was by spectrofluorometer (Inaguma and Hashimoto 1999). In another study, topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) was found to enhance the PpIX fluorescent emission from neoplastic tissue in the oral cavity. There was a maximum fluorescent contrast of 10:1 between cancers and normal tissues at about 1–2 hours after the 5-ALA treatment, allowing a demarcation of tumors even to the naked eye (Leunig et al. 1996). In a similar study, 5-ALA (a 0.4% solution) used as a topical rinse was used to enhance PpIX red fluorescence of oral leukoplakias (also known as squamous cell carcinomas). The identified lesions were treated with retinyl palmitate (vitamin A) which caused complete remissions in 15 out of 20 cases. The cured cancers lost their PpIX fluorescence (Leunig et al. 2000). In another study of basal cell (skin) carcinoma, varied doses of orally administered 5-ALA were given to determine optimum fluorescence response of PpIX in the cancers versus side effects. In vivo spectrofluorometry was used (Tope et al. 1998).
Application of ultrasonics for nanosizing drugs and drug formulations
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Ioannis Partheniadis, Rumit R. Shah, Ioannis Nikolakakis
Carafa et al.[82] prepared SLN loaded with retinyl palmitate (RetP, analogue of vitamin A) using combination of MH with US (V.C.X. 400-Sonics) at 65 °C, 20 minutes sonication. Precirol ATO5 was the lipid and Pluronic F68 was the surfactant. High surfactant/lipid ratios were employed using the lipophilic 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxi-anisole as a preservative. The SLN showed high RetP entrapment but no prevention of photo-degradation. RetP was preferentially distributed on the surface of SLNs, which increased the risk of degradation.