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Relation Between Natural Radionuclide Activities and Chemical Constituents in Ground Water in the Newark Basin, New Jersey
Published in Barbara Graves, Radon, Radium, and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water, 2020
Based on completed chemical analyses, most of the ground water in the study area is of a calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type, but some calcium sulfatetype water is present (figs. 7 and 8). Concentrations of sulfate greater than 100 mg/L were measured in this study, and have been reported by others [20, 22]. Water samples containing radium-226 activities above 1 pCi/L are almost exclusively bicarbonate-type waters (fig. 7), whereas samples containing uranium activities greater than 4 pCi/L encompass both these classes of water (fig. 8). The absence of significant radium-226 activities from calcium sulfate-type water may be accounted for by the precipitation of sulfate minerals. Although radium sulfate is essentially insoluble [29], it is not abundant enough in nature to precipitate. However, radium co-precipitates with barium sulfate (barite) [29, 16, 13]. Sulfate minerals are reported in the rocks of the Newark Basin [21].
Summary of Experience in Radiation Litigation
Published in Kenneth L. Miller, of Radiation Protection Programs, 2020
In the La Porte decision by Judge Forman, the documented details give evidence of the depth of his inquiry into every aspect. He describes the workplace for 80 girls who worked, 5½ days a week, the materials, tools, and the technic of painting luminous numerals, the estimation of ingested radium sulfate (43 μg/working day), background information on Madame Curie and Lord Rutherford, the decay scheme of radium, the medical prescription of radium, the mounting literature of harmful effects, and the ultimate acknowledgment that she died of cancer resulting from radium ingested in the course of her employment years before. Weighed against the law, science cannot stay the running of the statute of limitations. A party wronged by fraud may be relieved of the bar to recovery, but no fraud or fault can be found. Time alone settles the rights of the parties. “The statute of limitations and its exceptions were not conceived for this extraordinary situation … Only forward looking legislation can protect future situations such as the one here presented.”
Precipitation and Crystallization Processes in Reprocessing, Plutonium Separation, Purification, and Finishing, Chemical Recovery, and Waste Treatment
Published in Reid A. Peterson, Engineering Separations Unit Operations for Nuclear Processing, 2019
Calvin H. Delegard, Reid A. Peterson
Carrier precipitation occurs most efficiently by the incorporation of the trace metal in a carrier compound that has very low solubility and is isomorphic with (i.e., has the same crystal structure and nearly the same unit cell dimensions) the corresponding trace element compound.2 Such is the case for radium sulfate and its carrier, barium sulfate. For Pu(VI) as PuO22+ (the plutonyl cation), isomorphous carrier precipitation can be accomplished using sodium uranyl triacetate (NaUO2(O2CCH3)3) wherein PuO22+ can substitute at all proportions for U(VI) as UO22+, the uranyl cation. Both equilibrium and non-equilibrium types of isomorphic coprecipitation are depicted in the upper and middle left of Figure 3.2. The differences between these two types will be described in subsequent paragraphs.
Ecotoxicological effects of decommissioning offshore petroleum infrastructure: A systematic review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Amy MacIntosh, Katherine Dafforn, Beth Penrose, Anthony Chariton, Tom Cresswell
Two of the effect studies were dietary exposure experiments designed to assess the influence of scale inhibitor, 226Ra with/without barite on marine organisms (Grung et al., 2009; Olsvik et al., 2010). Olsvik et al. (2010) studied the genetic effect of adding a scale inhibitor (compound not mentioned) to dietary exposures of 226Ra, barite or radium sulfate on the resulting doses for developing Atlantic cod blastula cells (Gadus morhua). The experimental concentration of 2 Bq/L of 226Ra had limited effects on the transcription of marker genes for embryonic development suggesting that effects on fish eggs would only occur if exposed to higher doses of radiation (above 117 Bq/L) (Supplementary Table 6). However, the researchers also found that organic compounds scale inhibitor may increase the bioavailability of 226Ra. Similarly, Grung et al. (2009) spiked sediment with Ra and a scale inhibitor (SI 4470; MI Production Chemicals, Norway) to measure oxidative stress in sediment-dwelling ragworms (Herdise diversicolor). Exposure significantly increased concentrations in pore water and uptake within the ragworms (Control = 11.1 Bq/kg; Treatment= 145 Bq/kg). Research has used simulations to model the adsorption of 226Ra to organic particles in seawater and the interactions with Ba(Ra)SO4 following sediment deposition (Rye et al., 2009). As 226Ra is known to co-precipitate with barite (highly insoluble), barite has the potential to impact the mobility of 226Ra in the marine environment. Unlike some essential metals (calcium, magnesium, iron), radionuclides provide no biological function, hence organisms do not actively incorporate them (Simkiss, 1984; Williams et al., 1981). Grung et al. (2009) illustrated that endocytosis in sediment dwelling organisms contributes to NORM exposure and acts as an active pathway for NORM uptake and potential bioaccumulation. Yet neither paper illustrated any statistically significant effects on the measured endpoints for the animals exposed to 226Ra or considered the co-contaminants and the solid-phase speciation of the scale (i.e. 210Po, 210Pb, Hg; Supplementary Table 6).