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Building product models, terminologies, and object type libraries
Published in Pieter Pauwels, Kris McGlinn, Buildings and Semantics, 2023
Aaron Costin, Jeffrey W. Ouellette, Jakob Beetz
The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a framework for conceptual description and the modelling of information that is implemented in web resources. The RDF Schema (RDFS) provides a data modelling vocabulary for RDF data. RDF is composed of three components, known as RDF triples: subject, predicate, and object. RDF triples state a single fact about a resource, in which the subject is the subject being described, the predicate is the relationship of the subject, and the object represents what is related to the subject by the predicate. RDF and RDFS are managed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the main international standards organisation for the World Wide Web (WWW). RDF is a good basic language for building many other languages, although it has limitations with being expressive and in describing resources.
Semantic Web Technologies
Published in Archana Patel, Narayan C. Debnath, Bharat Bhushan, Semantic Web Technologies, 2023
Esingbemi P. Ebietomere, Godspower O. Ekuobase
The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a data model that came with the advent of the semantic web and is consequently referred to as the first layer of the semantic web proper [5]. This model is represented as a triple in the form of subject, predicate, and object—with the predicate sometimes referred to as property [33–36]. The constituents of the RDF data model are the RDF terms that can be used in reference to resources. This term in itself consists of three disjoint subsets; the IRIs, blank nodes, and literals [31,37]. It is pertinent to note that not all resources are assigned IRI and literals, thus, the existence of such resources are denoted with variables known as blank nodes. Literals are simply a set of lexical values. For clarity purposes, let us assume I is the set of all IRIs, B is a set of blank nodes, L is a set of literals, and t denotes a triple. Then, the RDF triple may be defined as t = <s, p, o>, where s Є I U B, p Є I, and o Є I U B U L. Furthermore, a collection of RDF triples may be viewed as a labeled multi-graph where the subjects and the objects are the nodes in the graph and the properties posing as connectors between the nodes to form an edge shown as s→po [36].
Managing space requirements of new buildings using linked building data technologies
Published in Jan Karlshøj, Raimar Scherer, eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 2018
M.H. Rasmussen, C.A. Hviid, J. Karlshøj, M. Bonduel
The W3C Resource Description Framework (RDF) standard is used to describe Linked Data in a directed graph consisting of a collection of triples. A triple has three parts: a node (the subject), an edge (the predicate) and another node (the object) connected to the first node through the predicate-edge. All sub-elements of a triple are made globally unique by denoting them with a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) except for objects that are literal values such as strings, integers, Booleans etc. The datatype of such literals are also described with a URI, and is often defined in an ontology version of the Extensible Markup Language (XML) Schema Definition (XSD). Both the terminology layer (TBox) – including semantics for classes and properties, and the data layer (ABox), covering individual instances and their interrelations, are described using RDF. The W3C encourages developers to make their ontologies publicly available so that useful ontology-related information can be retrieved from the URI. To continue, the W3C recommends that terms from widely adopted ontologies are used to explicitly describe the data layer.
Application of the ‘Surgical GPS’ to posterior spinal fusion procedures for scoliosis correction
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2022
Austin Tapp, James Bennett, Michel. A. Audette
To incorporate SPMs for patient-specific interventions, it is necessary to employ textual syntax resource description framework (RDF) files called a Terse Resource Description Framework Triple Language (TURTLE), which enables ontological data exchange through innate semantic web capabilities (Dunn and Markoff 2009; Herman and Web 2015; Berners-Lee and Jaffe 2020). While an RDF is traditionally used to process metadata and provide interoperability between applications that exchange machine-comprehensible information, ontologies, in Web Ontology Language (OWL), are a common framework for the semantic web, and are understood to be a formal collection of terms. Subsequently, TURTLEs provide levels of compatibility within the N-Triples format and the triple pattern of SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) to encompass the benefits of both ontologies and RDF files (Lassila and Swick 2020; Noy et al. 2001; Guarino et al. 2004). A TURTLE represents the RDF template in a compact textual form that is physician-readable while maintaining its ontologies strict conceptualisations (Fetzer et al. 2016). TURTLEs have the distinct triple format that follows <subject> <predicate> <object> (Lassila and Swick 2020). In the scope of this study, a single triple might be ‘pedicleScrews’ ‘implantedOn’ ‘pedicles”, ’where the <object>, “pedicles”, is‘a specif’cally designated landmark denoted by the physician.
State-of-the-Art Approaches for Meta-Knowledge Assertion in the Web of Data
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2021
Sangeeta Sen, Mariana Curado Malta, Biswanath Dutta, Animesh Dutta
A mechanism to add provenance information into RDF is called RDF Reification [43,44,16]. The RDF Reification approach is used to represent and trace meta-knowledge at the statement level. RDF Reification models the triple as a resource with properties referring to its subject, predicate, and object. Each triple is annotated as an instance of the rdf:Statement class. RDF Reification uses Directed Labeled Graph for data representation. In RDF Reification, four additional triples are inserted while adding meta-knowledge for a single triple. Quécole et al. [94] represented the context using the methodology of the RDF Reification approach. A few other approaches have been introduced as an alternative to the RDF Reification approach [49,95,96], such as Named Graph, Singleton Property, Property Graph, RDF∗, and RDF+. To solve the redundancy generation problem of the RDF reification approach, three approaches are proposed a) using bipartite Graph with statement node [97], b) using directed hyper-graph [98], and c) using un-directed hyper-graph [99,100]. From now on we use the term “R approach” to refer to the RDF Reification approach.
Crowdsourcing-based semantic relation recognition for natural language questions over RDF data
Published in Enterprise Information Systems, 2019
Xin Hu, Jiangli Duan, Depeng Dang
In the current Big Data era, semantics enables computer to understand and reason data (Salem, Boufares, and Correia 2014), which can be applied to analyse social media (Basili, Croce, and Castellucci 2017), economic news (Elshendy and Colladon 2017), multimedia resources (Hu et al. 2014) and so on. The Semantic web is a web of data, in which each metadata has specific semantics. It can be used to improve information retrieval (Li et al. 2014; Luo et al. 2015), web service (Chen et al. 2015), and business process management (Rico et al. 2015; Hoang, Jung, and Tran 2014). RDF has been widely used as a W3C standard to describe data in the Semantic Web. For the better effectively utilise RDF data, natural language question answering over RDF data have received widespread attention (semantic relation recognition is the core of understanding natural language question).