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Gluconobacter
Published in Yoshikatsu Murooka, Tadayuki Imanaka, Recombinant Microbes for Industrial and Agricultural Applications, 2020
The enzyme systems involved in ethanol and acetaldehyde oxidation have been purified and characterized from strains belonging to Acetobacter and Gluconobacter by Ameyama and coworkers as well as by us [68-76]. The outline of the proposed mechanism of ethanol oxidation is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. Ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and acetaldehyde is further oxidized to acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) [68-71]. These two dehydrogenases comprise several subunits and are located at the outer surface of the inner membrane as membrane-bound proteins. The prosthetic group of these enzymes is pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ). The second ADH subunit is cytochrome c and is indispensable for ADH activity [72]. The electrons incurred by the oxidation are transferred to oxygen through the electron transport system, in which electrons are transported to the terminal oxidase by ubiquinol [73,74]. The two terminal ubiquinol oxidases, cytochrome a¡ and cytochrome o, are found in A. aceti, and alterations of the culture conditions causes a change in the terminal oxidase [77]. Gluconobacter has two respiratory chains [78,79], and the terminal cytochrome o-type oxidase has been purified and characterized [76].
Vinegar from Bael (Aegle marmelos): A Mixed Culture Approach
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2018
Kaustav Chakraborty, Suman Kumar Saha, Utpal Raychaudhuri, Runu Chakraborty
Traditionally, industrial vinegar has been produced with sequential submerged fermentation processes catalysed by yeast and bacteria respectively [13]. Industrially, fed batch process is primarily used, for its ability to reduce the risk of substrate inhibition and catabolite repression and produce high-acid content. Availability of suitable alcoholic stock, uninterrupted aeration and high-acid tolerance are the key basic requirements for the submerged acetous fermentation process [14]. Ethanol fermentation is an anaerobic process, whereas, oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid is catalysed by a membrane bound pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (PQQ-ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) [15]. Both dehydrogenase complexes are linked to the respiratory chain, which uses oxygen as final oxygen receptor. Incompatibility between two process’ oxygen requirements remains the key stumbling block to the use of mixed culture in the commercial vinegar making. In this study, batch mode had been used which required lesser oxygen than continuous and semi-continuous mode [14].
Enhancing integrated denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation and Anammox processes for nitrogen and methane removal: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Yan Chen, Guangming Jiang, Muttucumaru Sivakumar, Jiangping Wu
The integrated DAMO–Anammox process has a great potential in achieving energy-positive wastewater treatment, through its environmentally friendly and economical nitrogen removal from wastewater. However, culturing DAMO microorganisms and Anammox bacteria has been a challenge due to their extreme slow growth rate (Table 2). The long doubling time of them is attributed to different reasons: the high energy requirement to break the C–H bond for DAMO archaea, the lack of cell membrane for pMMO and genes of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ: a growth-promoting agent for stimulating microbial growth) biosynthesis in DAMO bacteria (Hatamoto et al., 2018), and the hzs enzyme for Anammox bacteria (Kartal et al., 2013; Kuenen, 2008).
Comparative assessment of blood glucose monitoring techniques: a review
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2023
Nivad Ahmadian, Annamalai Manickavasagan, Amanat Ali
SMBG devices have three main parts, a lancet, a test strip, and a metre. The strip is the second-generation mediator biosensor. Thereby, the measuring method is based on electrochemical reactions taking place in the connected test strip to the metre. Although glucose oxidase (GOx) is the most usable and reliable enzyme in many devices, some devices utilise glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) coupled with a coenzyme of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) or Flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) [26]. The amount of glucose in the sample of blood drop oxidises with the enzyme and generates a current. The current is then converted to a voltage that is proportional to the blood glucose concentration [27].