China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
By-Product Utilization
Published in B. K. Bala, Agro-Product Processing Technology, 2020
Thermal means of gasifying biomass are also well established, especially partial oxidation, which has a history extending back before 1800. In this process of gasification, an organic residue is burned in a packed bed with a limited air supply at a temperature above 1000°C. The typical products of combustion are called “producer gas,” primarily hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The heat content of producer gas ranges from 5.22 to 5.97 MJ/m3. Wood, municipal waste, or other biomass can be partially oxidized at atmospheric pressure to develop a crude gas containing primarily hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. This process is similar to the production of gas by partial oxidation of natural gas or petroleum fractions. After purification, it can be subjected to the shift conversion of carbon dioxide and steam to obtain more carbon monoxide and hydrogen to give a synthesis gas for methanol. When partial oxidation is carried out with air instead of oxygen, the synthesis gas contains nitrogen. Removal of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide can give a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen in the proper ratio to serve as ammonia for synthesis process used for petrochemical-based methanol plant. Biomass, in fact, seems to be a nearly ideal feedstock for the gasification process because it is high in volatile constituents that are easily driven off at moderate temperature.
Recent Advances in Biomass Drying for Energy Generation and Environmental Benefits
Published in Shusheng Pang, Sankar Bhattacharya, Junjie Yan, Drying of Biomass, Biosolids, and Coal, 2019
Shusheng Pang, Yanjie Wang, Hua Wang
In the last two decades, extensive studies have been reported on gasification (Higman and van der Burgt, 2003; Saw and Pang, 2013; Sansaniwal et al., 2017) and pyrolysis (Bridgwater and Grassi, 1991; Wigley et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017). Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials, such as biomass, into CO and H2 based gas mixture through biomass devolatilization, reactions between the gasification agent and volatiles from biomass devolatilization as well as reactions between char and gases available. The gasification temperature is normally in the range of 700–900°C at controlled feeding rate of gasification agent (O2, air or steam). The resulting gas mixture is called producer gas, and can be used for heat and power generation, synthesis of liquid fuels or production of pure hydrogen and chemicals. Gasification is a very efficient method for extracting energy from many different types of organic materials. The gasification technology can also be applied for conversion of “waste” materials such as municipal organic solid wastes and residuals from forestry and agricultural industries. In gasification, the biomass needs to be dried to mc ranging from 10 to 20% to increase the energy efficiency and to reduce the tar content in the producer gas (Higman and van der Burgt, 2003; Pang and Xu, 2010; Xu and Pang, 2008).
Biomass Gasification and Effect of Physical Properties on Products
Published in Jaya Shankar Tumuluru, Biomass Preprocessing and Pretreatments for Production of Biofuels, 2018
Sushil Adhikari, Hyungseok Nam, Avanti Kulkarni
Gasification is a thermochemical process of converting a carbonaceous fuel into a gaseous product, called producer gas, in the operating temperature ranging from 600 to 1200°C in a controlled amount of air, oxygen and/ or steam. Major reactions during gasification include dehydration, devolatilization, and a series of gas, liquid and solid phase formation. Producer gas primarily consists of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen and a trace amount of contaminants (tar, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and other N and S derived species) (Abdoulmoumine et al., 2014; Basu, 2010; Carpenter et al., 2010). Although strictly speaking, synthesis gas (or syngas) is a mixture of only carbon monoxide and hydrogen, producer gas and syngas are interchangeably used to refer gaseous products from gasifiers. Herein, we will refer syngas for the gaseous products from biomass gasification. Produced syngas can be used to run gas turbines and internal combustion engines for electric power generation. In addition, syngas can be converted into liquid fuels and chemicals such as methanol, ethanol, or higher hydrocarbons through the Fischer-Tropsch process and others.
Gasification of cotton stalk in a downdraft gasifier
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
The producer gas composition (Figure 6) mainly contained gases like hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. The value of N2 gas remained almost constant for all the gas flow rates from 7 to 19 Nm3/h as it is an inert gas. The volume percentage of CO2 decreased slightly from gas flow rates of 7 to 19 Nm3/h. This was due to reduction reactions because the temperature of the reduction zone was more than 600°C (which is required for reduction reactions to start) at gas flow rate of 7 to 19 Nm3/h. The reduction reaction mainly responsible for the decrease in CO2 percentage is Boundard reaction (Eq. (3)). Methane is generated due to methane formation reaction (Eq. (6)). The volume percentage of CH4 decreased slightly for gas flow rate from 7 to 19 Nm3/h. This is because of higher temperature (above 600°C) temperature of reduction zone, which causes the breakdown of methane (Eq. (7)). The volume percentage of CO increased slightly for gas flow rates from 7 to 19 Nm3/h because of reduction reactions due to high temperature in the reduction zone. The reduction reactions that cause this are Boundard reaction (Eq. (3)) and water gas reaction (Eq. (4)). The volume percentage of H2 increased slightly for gas flow rates from 7 to 19 Nm3/h. The increase in volume fraction of H2 was because of breakdown of methane (Eq. (7)) and water gas shift reaction (Eq. (5)) at higher temperature, which existed at all gas flow rates from 7 to 19 Nm3/h.
Biomass gasifier – internal combustion engine system: review of literature
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
A. A. P. Susastriawan, Yuli Purwanto
To overcome a shortage of crude oil based fuel, many works in searching an alternative and renewable fuel for internal combustion (IC) engine have been performed around the world. Several alternative and renewable fuels have been successfully tested on IC engine by many researchers, such as Ethanol-Gasoline blend (Chen and Nishida 2014; Costa and Sodré 2011; Doğan et al. 2017; Eyidogan et al. 2010; Schifter et al. 2011; Thakur et al. 2017; Yao, Tsai, and Wang 2013), Biogas (Qian et al. 2017; Porpatham, Ramesh, and Nagalingam 2018; Karagöz et al. 2018; Jatana et al. 2014; Nunes et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2018; Reddy, Aravindhan, and Mallick 2016; Verma, Das, and Kaushik 2017), Liquid Petroleum Gas (Çinar et al. 2016; Gumus 2011; Masi 2012) and Methyl Ester (Pina et al. 2017; Anggarani et al. 2015). Other promising alternative and renewable fuel is a biomass producer gas. A producer gas is a combustible gas generated from biomass gasification in the reactor named gasifier.
Optimization of producer gas production from rice husks and sawdust in a three-stage gasifier
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Suntorn Suttibak, Athika Chuntanapum
There are three primary thermochemical conversion technologies for biomass. They are direct combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification (Bridgwater 2012; Chew et al. 2020). Direct combustion is a conventional way to use biomass. It results in hot flue gas that can be further utilized in the form of thermal energy or mechanical work. The second technology, pyrolysis, processes biomass at a high heating rate (600–1,000°C/s) in the absence of oxygen. The main product is a liquid fuel known as bio-oil. Finally, gasification transforms solid biomass via partial oxidation at high temperatures (800°C or higher) using air, oxygen, or steam as an oxidant. A producer gas consisting of CO, H2, CO2, and CH4 is obtained (Eseltine et al. 2013; Lin, Chou, and Iu 2020). The producer gas can be utilized in many different ways, such as power generation, liquid fuel, and bio-chemical products. Utilization decision shall be made upon technological, economical, and environmental viewpoints (AlNouss, McKay, and Al-Ansari 2019).