China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Human Reliability Analysis of a Pilotage Operation
Published in Adam Weintrit, Tomasz Neumann, Safety of Sea Transportation, 2017
J. Emstsen, S. Nazir, B.K. Roed
Findings suggests that pilotage operations are associated with tasks that have a low probability of errors which have critical consequences if they occur. We see in Table 1 that 47 of the identified errors have low (no known occurrence) and medium (seldom occurrence) ordinal probability. At the same time, 15 critical errors are identified. Only 8 of the 55 identified tasks have high probability of human error, determined from interviews with pilots and SMEs. Most of the high probability errors are within bridge team relationship development, function 2.0 (Figure 1).
Multimodal iron ore inbound logistics network design under demand uncertainty
Published in Maritime Policy & Management, 2021
Dezhi Zhang, Nan Ni, Xiaofan Lai, Yajie Liu
The setting of the discount policy is inspired by Manerba, Mansini, and Perboli (2018), where the number of intervals is set to 3. The discount interval starts at the minimum port capacity (i.e. ), and other intervals correspond to fractions of the maximum capacity , i.e. 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9, respectively. The discount rate in each port is assumed to be the same as , and . The total transshipment cost fits as a continuous non-decreasing piecewise-linear function. represents the intercept of the cost function. In the first segment, is the fixed transshipment service cost; specifically, the basic port charge covers the harbor and light dues, pilotage dues, mooring/unmooring charges, etc. In our case study, the value of is assumed to be 7 RMB for each seaport and 5 RMB for each river port, values of transshipment cost are listed in the last column in Table 4, and values of with can be calibrated by the intercept based on these two given parameters.
The environmental costs and economic implications of container shipping on the Northern Sea Route
Published in Maritime Policy & Management, 2018
Shengda Zhu, Xiaowen Fu, Adolf K.Y. Ng, Meifeng Luo, Ying-En Ge
The fuel price is set as 255 USD/ton for IFO380 fuel oil (BunkerIndex 2016). The NSR tariff fee in USD is now half as before as a result of the devaluation of RUR since 2014. The Russian government does not charge tariff for using NSR. However, payments for icebreaking support and escort are needed for a permit to sail via NSR. The Northern Sea Route Administration (2014) divided NSR into seven sea zones and charge ice-break pilotage tariff depending on the ship’s DWT, ice-strengthened condition, and number of pilotage zones. 1AS-class ice-strengthened ship can transport independently in most of the medium and easy ice-conditioned areas. Considering the long navigation season, a 4-zone pilotage is assumed and the transit fee is 245,000 USD/trip. According to Suez Canal Authority (2016), the transit fee in SCR of a 160,000 DWT container ship is about 418,000 USD/trip. The other assumptions and costs are summarised in Table 2. The calculated costs of transporting per TEU between Rotterdam and Shanghai are 1,027.51 via NSR and 560.23 via SCR, respectively.