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Bioprospecting of Microbial Diversity for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment
Published in Vineet Kumar, Vinod Kumar Garg, Sunil Kumar, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Omics for Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Systems, 2023
Hiren K. Patel, Nensi K. Thumar, Priyank D. Patel, Azaruddin V. Gohil
AMF contrive protection from phytopathogenic fungi to agricultural crops. Symptoms of Fusarium oxysporum such as external damage and necrosis were reduced in cultivated banana treated with Glomus intraradices and other Glomus sp. Glomus mosseae was also reported for the protection of soybean plants from the infection of Pseudomonas syringae. Infection of Pseudomonas lachrymans could be reduced with the treatment of Glomus macrocarpum in cucumber plant and eggplant. Phytoalexins, which are produced in plants as a result of infection, act as a toxin for phytopathogen and give protection to host plant. Increased levels of phytoalexins such as total phenol, beta-glucosidase, and phenylalanine were reported in tomato when treated with Glomus mosseae to fight against Fusarium oxysporum.
Novel Metabolites from Endophytes
Published in Gustavo Molina, Zeba Usmani, Minaxi Sharma, Abdelaziz Yasri, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Microbes in Agri-Forestry Biotechnology, 2023
Jhumishree Meher, Raina Bajpai, Md. Mahtab Rashid, Basavaraj Teli, Birinchi Kumar Sarma
Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are reported to be released by bacterial endophytes with antimicrobial property that could inhibit many pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. Pseudomonas putida BP25, an endophytic bacterium inhabiting the black pepper plant, is reported to produce numerous volatile substances to inhibit the infection by Phytophthora spp., Gibberella moniliformis, Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. These volatile organic compounds were also helpful to check the plant-parasitic nematodes such as Radopholus similis (Sheoran et al., 2015). Phytoalexins are antimicrobial compounds produced by healthy cell tissues to restrict phytopathogen infection. This phytoalexin is comprising of many bioactive metabolites viz, terpenoids, isoflavonoids, glycosteroids, and alkaloids (Gao et al., 2010). An increase in terpenoids content was observed in the plant Euphorbia pekinensis due to the existence of Fusarium spp. (Yong et al., 2009). The bacterial endophytes are also well reported to synthesize siderophores and antibiotics or bacteriocins to avoid the proliferation of harmful microorganisms (Gaiero et al., 2013). Therefore, the existence of fungal or bacterial endophytes in the plant tissues can hence enhance plant resistance towards phytopathogens, either by eliciting the host defence response or by secreting various antimicrobial compounds themselves.
Resveratrol attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in TM3 Leydig cells in vitro
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Hana Greifová, Tomáš Jambor, Katarína Tokárová, Ivana Speváková, Nikola Knížatová, Norbert Lukáč
Over the decades, stilbene-based compounds have attracted the attention of numerous researchers because of their wide-ranging biological activities. Resveratrol (3,40, 5-trihydroxystilbene) is a phenolic compound found naturally in many plant species as the cis and trans isomers. Resveratrol has been characterized as a phytoalexin, a compound produced by plants in particularly high amounts as a response to injury, pathogenic-induced damage, nutrient deficiency, temperature fluctuations, as well as other environmental factors such as exposure to ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and other stressors.[34] The mechanisms underlying the biological functions of resveratrol are not fully understood. Some studies have indicated that resveratrol improves mitochondrial function.[35] Robb et al.[36] observed that resveratrol caused a 14-fold increase in superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) activity, while SOD2 reduces superoxide and thereby confers resistance to mitochondrial dysfunction, permeability changes, and apoptotic death in various diseases. It also has been demonstrated that resveratrol increases intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels in lung epithelial cells, which protects them against cigarette extract-induced oxidative stress.[37] Recent studies have shown that resveratrol is capable of competitively inhibiting various phosphodiesterases, which resulted in an increase in the cytosolic concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). An increased level of this second messenger causes an increase in the oxidation of fatty acids, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial respiration, and gluconeogenesis.[38,39] Resveratrol has also been exerted to be a very effective scavenger of a variety of oxidants including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, nitrogen oxide, and peroxynitrite.[40] Resveratrol exerted H2O2- scavenging activity also in the cell-free system.[41]