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Persistent Organic Pollutants in Baltic Herring in the Gulf of Riga and Gulf of Finland (North-Eastern Baltic Sea)
Published in C. Guedes Soares, T.A. Santos, Progress in Maritime Technology and Engineering, 2018
L. Jarv, T. Raid, M. Simm, M. Radin, H. Kiviranta, P. Ruokojarvi
I he content of 13 analogues of PFAS—PFHpA (perfluoroheptanoic acid). PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid). PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid). PFDA (perfluorodecanoic acid). PFUnA (perfluoroundecanoic acid). PFDoA (perfluorododecanoic acid). PFIrA (perfluorotridecanoic acid). PFIeA (perfluorotetradecanoic acid). PFHxS (perfluorohexane sulfonate). PFHpS (perfluoroheptane sulfonate). PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate). and PFDS (perfluorodecane sulfonate). PFHxA (perfluorohexanoic acid). was examined. For quantitation prior to an extraction procedure mass labelled internal standards were added into freeze-dried fish samples. I he samples were extracted with ammonium acetate in methanol. and centrifuged. I he supernatants were collected. extracts were evaporated to dryness and filtered Ihe PFAS were analysed using liquid chromatography negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LCESI-MS/MS). Details of the LC-ESI-MS/MS parameters and quantitation have been presented earlier (Koponen et al. 2013). Measurement uncertainty of PFAS was 30%.
Fluorine Free Foams
Published in David M. Kempisty, LeeAnn Racz, Forever Chemicals, 2021
Ian Ross, Peter Storch, Ted Schaefer, Niall Ramsden
Perfluoroalkyl substances have previously been referred to as perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), but are now more commonly termed perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). The PFAAs include PFOS, PFOA, (termed C8 PFAAs) and PFHxS or perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (termed C6 PFAAs). PFASs present in firefighting foams currently sold, principally comprise polyfluoroalkyl substances, which are termed fluorotelomers (Place and Field 2012; Backe et al. 2013). If a fluorotelomer based foam is termed as a C8 or C6 product, this means it comprises precursors to C8 or C6 PFAAs.
Toxic Chemicals in Textiles and the Role of Microplastic Fibres as a Source and Vector for Chemicals to the Environment
Published in Judith S. Weis, Francesca De Falco, Mariacristina Cocca, Polluting Textiles, 2022
Bethanie Carney Almroth, Samantha Athey
Following production of raw materials and fibres, additive chemicals are used in the manufacturing of textiles and garments. Several reports document the chemicals found in consumer textiles (KemI 2013; KemI 2015). These are used to give the finished products specific qualities including stain or water resistance, anti-microbial properties, wrinkle resistance and dimensional stability, and flame resistance (Möller, Ahrens et al. 2010). Numerous studies have indicated that several important groups of synthetic chemicals used in textile production and finishing are toxic as discussed further in Section 3 (Rovira and Domingo 2019; Li, Luo et al. 2020). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of brominated flame retardant chemicals used in textiles, and whose physical-chemical properties are similar to other environmental pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT. Many of these chemicals are persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic and have been identified as potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) (KemI 2015). Flame retardants, including PBDEs, are broadly used in textiles as well as other synthetic products, including the casing of electronic products, furniture foam and construction material (Wang, Peng et al. 2016). Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are a group of chemicals that include per- and poly-fluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS). PFCs are applied to textiles as well as many other consumer products (e.g., food packaging, cookware and electronics) during production, as well as during consumer use. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA also referred to as ‘C6’) is a short-chained PFAS that is used to manufacture textiles with oil- and water-repellent properties. The German Environmental Agency (UBA) has proposed an EU restriction on PFHxA due to the risk they pose to the environment and human health (ECHA and Germany 2019). As with PBDEs, they are often persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (Hill, Taylor et al. 2017). Phthalates comprise yet another problematic group of chemicals used as softening agents in plastic manufacturing. In textiles, phthalates are often used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) prints and coatings used in decorative images on clothing items (Weil, Levchik et al. 2006). Numerous studies highlight phthalates as harmful to human reproduction and they are classified as EDCs (Meeker, Sathyanarayana et al. 2009).
Environmentally friendly waterproof and breathable membranes via electrospinning
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
Wen Zhou, Jianyong Yu, Shichao Zhang
Despite the advances in environmental friendliness, the short-chain perfluorinated repellents may still bring some environmental concerns due to their degradation by-products (e.g. perfluorohexanoic acid and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid) which could be persistent in the environment (Whittaker & Heine, 2018). Therefore, more research efforts are currently directed towards designing environmentally friendly WBMs via electrospinning using fluorine-free repellents which include silicones and fluorine/silicone-free chemicals. Thereinto, silicones are the most widely used fluorine-free repellents for environmentally friendly electrospun WBMs due to the good hydrophobicity, permeability, and soft hand of obtained textiles. Researchers have proposed six methods to prepare environmentally friendly electrospun WBMs based on silicone repellents, including dip-coating, CVD, electrospraying, hydrothermal method, thiol-ene click reaction, and one-step electrospinning.
Comparison of zebrafish in vitro and in vivo developmental toxicity assessments of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Ola Wasel, Kathryn M. Thompson, Yu Gao, Amy E. Godfrey, Jiejun Gao, Cecon T. Mahapatra, Linda S. Lee, Maria S. Sepúlveda, Jennifer L. Freeman
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are the most well-known PFAAs that were previously produced in large amounts, are extremely stable, resistant to biological degradation, and a terminal product in the microbial degradation of precursor PFAS (Lau et al. 2007). PFOA and PFOS were extensively studied in cell, animal, and human epidemiological studies demonstrating hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, thyroid disruption, cardiovascular injury, renal toxicity, reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity (Zeng et al. 2019). Starting in the 2000s, the longer chain PFAAs were phased out and replaced by shorter chain PFAAs, such as perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA) for PFOA and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) for PFOS (US EPA 2017). As part of the PFOA Stewardship Program, there was an initiative to replace PFOA use by 2015 with these shorter derivatives, which are predicted to be less toxic. However, the amount of literature covering the toxicity of these shorter perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), such as PFHxA and PFBA, is still limited.