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Fluorine Free Foams
Published in David M. Kempisty, LeeAnn Racz, Forever Chemicals, 2021
Ian Ross, Peter Storch, Ted Schaefer, Niall Ramsden
Firefighting foams that contain PFAS include not just aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) but also fluoroprotein (FP) foams and film-forming fluoroprotein (FFFP) foams. These are all used to extinguish Class B, flammable liquids fires, with their ongoing use coming under significant regulatory scrutiny (Ross and Storch 2020). Fluorosurfactants were introduced for use into firefighting foams in the early 1960s and have been used for decades at military bases, civil fire training facilities, airports, oil terminals and refineries for repeated fire training events. The historical regulatory focus has been on three individual “long-chain” highly bioaccumulative PFASs, namely perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), but an expanding range of PFASs are now regulated in many locations (Ross et al. 2019; Ross and Storch 2020; Dlugogorski and Schaefer 2021).
Determination of 23 perfluorinated alkylated substances in water and suspended particles by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
X.F. Wang, Q. Wang, Z.G. Li, K. Huang, L.D. Li, D.H. Zhao
PFAS compounds used for this study were obtained from Wellington Laboratories (Guelph, Ontario, Canada) and prepared as 50 mg L–1 stocks in methanol. The test compounds were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA), perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), perfluorohexadecanoic acid (PFHxDA), perfluorooctadecanoic acid (PFODA), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorodecanesulfonic acid (PFDS), perfluorodecanesulfonic acid (PFOSA), N-methylperfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-MeFOSA), N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-EtFOSA), N-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol (N-MeFOSE), N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (N-EtFOSE), perfluoro-n-[1,2,3,4 13C4] octanoic acid (MPFOA), sodium perfluoro-1-[1,2,3,4 13C4] octanesulfonate (MPFOS), and perfluoro-1-[13C8] octanesulfonamide (M8FOSA). Acetonitrile, methanol, formic acid, and ammonium acetate were of HPLC grade (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). Other chemical reagents were of analytical grade and were supplied by Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory (Guangzhou, China). WAX, MAX, and HLB SPE cartridges (60 mg/3 cc) (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) were used as provided. The C18 adsorbent (50 m) and graphitized carbon black (BOND Carbon-GCB, 120–140 mesh) were obtained from Angela (Tianjin, China) and CNW Technologies GmbH (Duesseldorf, Germany), respectively. Water was purified using a Milli-Q water system (Millipore, MA, USA).