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Dislodgeable Foliar Residues of Pesticides in Agricultural, Landscape, and Greenhouse Environments
Published in Donald J. Ecobichon, Occupational Hazards of Pesticide Exposure, 2020
Gerald R. Stephenson, Gwen M. Ritcey
Chlorthal-dimethyl is a soil-active, preemergence herbicide that can be applied in the spring or fall to control germinating annual grasses in established turfgrass. Pendimethalin and dithiopyr are new herbicides for annual grasses that have preemergence activity or preemergence and early postemergence activity, respectively. In studies with a wettable powder formulation of chlorthal-dimethyl and a dispersable granule formulation of pendimethalin, Hurto and Prinster (1993) used the detergent extracting technique (Iwata et al. 1977) to estimate the surface dislodgeable residues in irrigated and non-irrigated turfgrass. They observed that, with these formulations, surface residues for either chlorthal-dimethyl or pendimethalin were significantly lower from irrigated plots than from nonirrigated plots. However, regardless of the irrigation treatment, surface residues were usually 8 times higher for chlorthal-dimethyl (1.7 and 3.3 μg/cm) than for pendimethalin (0.2 and 0.4 μg/cm), most likely because of the fivefold difference in application rate. Cowell et al. (1993) used polyurethane foam pads and the scuffling technique and observed that DFRs were very low for an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of dithiopyr at time of treatment (3.14 mg/m or <2% of applied) and decreased more than 80% within 24 h.
Tree uptake of excess nutrients and herbicides in a maize-olive tree cultivation system
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
George Pavlidis, Vassilios A. Tsihrintzis, Helen Karasali, Dimitrios Alexakis
In more detail, pendimethalin (3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-N-pentan-3-ylaniline) belongs to the group of dinitroaniline compounds and it is used as a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide against broad leaved weeds and grasses in cereals, carrot, beans, peas and several other crops. As a molecule, it is characterised by its very low mobility in soil (less than 2% of the applied dose), and a very high organic carbon sorption coefficient (Koc) value; thus, it is considered as immobile in soil.[13,14]
Effect of repeated application of pendimethalin on its persistence and dissipation kinetics in soil under field and laboratory conditions
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Pervinder Kaur, Makhan S Bhullar
Pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-2,6-dinitro-3,4-xylidine], a dinitroaniline herbicide, is commonly used for pre-emergence control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in wheat. It disrupts the mitotic sequence by inhibiting the production of microtubule protein, tubulin and inhibits cell division, cell elongation, root and shoot growth [6]. It has been classified as a less volatile herbicide which has low water solubility and high affinity for adsorption in soils. Field dissipation studies have revealed that pendimethalin is a persistent herbicide having a half-life ranging from 10 to 98 days depending upon the physicochemical properties of soil, climatic conditions and agronomic practices [7–9]. They may also remain on the soil surface and potentially affect quality and yield of the next crop cultivated on the same field [10]. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified it as a persistent bio-accumulative toxin [11]. In recent years, pendimethalin has been subjected to increased toxicological and environmental concerns since it causes various physiological, mutagenic and endocrine effects [12]. Therefore, the use of pendimethalin requires a thorough understanding of its dissipation under different scenarios. The adsorption, mobility, photodegradation, bioavailability [13–16] and dissipation of pendimethalin in soils, after its single application has been well investigated in different crops such as garlic [17], fennel [10], chickpea [18], pea [19,20], cereal [21,22] and in vineyard soils [9]. However, in practice, herbicides are applied repeatedly and continuously over the years to the soil-crop system for weed control which can alter their degradation rate and persistence in soil, thus posing a serious threat to soil health and environment [23]. Additionally, due to climatic variation over the years, it is difficult to predict the exact variation in the dissipation behavior of herbicides after their repeated application under field conditions. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess the potential effect of repeated annual application of pendimethalin on dissipation behavior under field and laboratory conditions.