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Clarification of Fruit Juices and Wine Using Membrane Processing Techniques
Published in M. Selvamuthukumaran, Applications of Membrane Technology for Food Processing Industries, 2020
Conidi et al. (2015) compared total anthocyanin content of blood orange juice clarified with PS or PAN membranes, and a lower total anthocyanin content was determined in the juice clarified with PAN membrane compared to that of PS membrane. A PVDF and mixed cellulose esters membrane caused a similar rejection of anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside) during the UF of pomegranate juice (Mirsaeedghazi et al. 2010). A similar reduction ratio of total monomeric anthocyanin content was determined by UF or MF of pomegranate juice (Mirsaeedghazi et al. 2012). Prodanov et al. (2013) studied the effect of membrane clarification on the individual anthocyanins of grape pomace extract, and the clarification process was only found to be effective on high molecular weight acylated anthocyanins. Three different membrane materials (PES, cellulose acetate and nylon) with the same pore sizes were compared in the membrane filtration of wine, and a membrane produced from PES had the smallest content of anthocyanins among the tested materials (Urkiaga et al. 2002).
Research, Development, and Innovation in Dairy and Meat-Based Foods Using Valued Added Compound Obtained from Mediterranean Fruit By-Products
Published in Francisco J. Barba, Elena Roselló-Soto, Mladen Brnčić, Jose M. Lorenzo, Green Extraction and Valorization of By-Products from Food Processing, 2019
José Angel Pérez-Alvarez, Manuel Viuda-Martos, Juana Fernández-López
Pomegranate husk, a by-product of the pomegranate juice industry, is an inexpensive and abundant source of ellagic acid; 3.5% of ellagic acid can be obtained from this by-product. This acid, obtained by the extraction of tannins, is widely used as a functional food for its physiological functions, and is suitable for wide applications in the food industry (Jingjing and Qipeng, 2008). Singh and coworkers (2018) mentioned that pomegranate peel, a juice by-product, represents around 30–40% of the fruit. The same authors mentioned that pomegranate peel contains the main phenolic compounds reported in the literature: flavonoids (anthocyanins, such as pelargonidin, delphinidin, and cyanidin along with their derivatives, and anthoxanthins, such as catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin), tannins (ellagitannins and ellagic acid derivatives, such as punicalagin, punicalin, and pedunculagin), and phenolic acids (such as chlorogenic, caffeic, syringic, sinapic, p-coumaric, ferulic, ellagic, gallic, and cinnamic acid).
Extraction and Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from agricultural Waste
Published in Quan V. Vuong, Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Waste, 2017
Shamina Azeez, C.K. Narayana, H.S. Oberoi
Pomegranate wastes contain phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins (derived from delphinidin, cyanidin and pelargonidin), hydrolysable tannins (catechin, epicatechin, punicalin, pedunculagin, punicalagin, gallic and ellagic acid esters of glucose) (Cuccioloni et al. 2009, Gil et al. 2000), and several lignans (isolariciresinol, medioresinol, matairesinol, pinoresinol, syringaresinol and secoisolariciresinol) (Bonzanini et al. 2009), with antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities (Naveena et al. 2008). Pomegranate husks are successfully used as a matrix to produce almost 8 kg of ellagic acid per ton of waste, by SSF with Aspergillus niger GH1. This process is economical and quite profitable from the industrial point of view, considering the commercial price of this acid and the low cost and abundance of the husks. Elagitannin acyl hydrolase is responsible for bioconversion of elagitannin into ellagic acid during SSF of pomegranate husks (Robledo et al., 2008). Cranberry pomace, the by-product of cranberry juice processing industry, is also a good source of ellagic acid and other phenolic compounds. Bioprocessing of this waste by SSF with Lentinus edodes, using its esterase enzyme, was useful to increase the ellagic acid content by being an alternative for the production of bioactive compounds (Vattem and Shetty 2003). In India, Teri pod (Caesalpinia digyna) cover, the solid residue obtained during processing of the pod for recovery of oil, contains tannin that can be used as substrate for microbial bioconversion to gallic acid by SSF with Rhizopus oryzae (Kar et al. 1999). Green coconut husk, an abundant agro-industrial residue, is a potential source of ferulic acid from which vanillin can be obtained via microbial conversion by the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium under SSF, where the production of lignolytic enzymes released ferulic acid from the coconut husk cell wall and subsequently, vanillin was obtained with a high yield by the ferulic acid conversion (Barbosa et al. 2008). The action of enzymes, such as α-amylase, laccase and β-glucosidase, tannin acyl hydrolase, ellagitanin acyl hydrolase, among others, plays an important role in the mobilization of bioactive phenolic compounds during SSF (Cho et al. 2009, Zheng and Shetty 2000). Lignocellulosic enzymes are mainly produced by fungi, since these microorganisms have two extracellular enzymatic systems—a hydrolytic system that can degrade polysaccharides and an oxidative ligninolytic system, which degrades lignin and opens phenyl rings, increasing the free phenolic content (Sánchez 2009). During SSF of soybean with Bacillus pumilus HY1, Cho et al. (2009) reported a significant increase in flavanols and gallic acid content associated with bacterial β-glucosidase and esterase activities. Similarly, improvement in the antioxidant potential of fermented rice is associated with phenolic compound increases by β-glucosidase and α-amylase activities during SSF (Bhanja et al. 2008).
Determination of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in the wild grape (Vitis sylvestris Gmelin) by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD)
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2021
Nagihan Karaaslan-Ayhan, Mehmet Yaman
In this work, delphinidin-3-o-glucoside, cyanidin-3-o-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-o-glucoside, malvidin-3-o-glucoside, delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin and malvidin were identified in wild grapes. Malvidin-3-o-glucoside and pelargonidin were determined to be the primary anthocyanin and anthocyanidin. Table 1 shows the individual anthocyanins and anthocyanidins are dependent upon the type of grape. Although the determination of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins has been previously, these studies generally report qualitative studies of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins. The content of each individual compound in wild grape was evaluated using optimized extraction conditions in this study. These conditions were shown to significantly the quantitative measurements.