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Perfluoroalkyl Substance Toxicity from Early-Life Exposure
Published in David M. Kempisty, Yun Xing, LeeAnn Racz, Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment, 2018
In May 2016, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) published advisory levels for PFOA and PFOS at 70 parts per trillion (ppt) in drinking water to account for the chronic effects of these toxicants (USEPA 2016). The basis of this advisory level relied heavily on animal studies that reported a variety of toxicity, including skeletal variations (delay in ossification of phalanges), testicular cancer, and persistent liver effects (Figure 9.1). Skeletal variations had a particularly large impact on the advisory level since it was reported to occur at the lowest dose (Lau et al. 2006). Delayed mammary gland development was also discussed but was ultimately dismissed due to an unknown mode of action, strain differences in mice, and unclear functional significance. This section reviews the literature surrounding adiposity and developmental (including both phalanges ossification and mammary gland development) toxicity since these are primarily observed effects resulting from early-life or prenatal exposure, as well as other toxicities reported from early-life exposure.
Persistent Organic Pollutants in Baltic Herring in the Gulf of Riga and Gulf of Finland (North-Eastern Baltic Sea)
Published in C. Guedes Soares, T.A. Santos, Progress in Maritime Technology and Engineering, 2018
L. Jarv, T. Raid, M. Simm, M. Radin, H. Kiviranta, P. Ruokojarvi
I he content of 13 analogues of PFAS—PFHpA (perfluoroheptanoic acid). PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid). PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid). PFDA (perfluorodecanoic acid). PFUnA (perfluoroundecanoic acid). PFDoA (perfluorododecanoic acid). PFIrA (perfluorotridecanoic acid). PFIeA (perfluorotetradecanoic acid). PFHxS (perfluorohexane sulfonate). PFHpS (perfluoroheptane sulfonate). PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate). and PFDS (perfluorodecane sulfonate). PFHxA (perfluorohexanoic acid). was examined. For quantitation prior to an extraction procedure mass labelled internal standards were added into freeze-dried fish samples. I he samples were extracted with ammonium acetate in methanol. and centrifuged. I he supernatants were collected. extracts were evaporated to dryness and filtered Ihe PFAS were analysed using liquid chromatography negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LCESI-MS/MS). Details of the LC-ESI-MS/MS parameters and quantitation have been presented earlier (Koponen et al. 2013). Measurement uncertainty of PFAS was 30%.
Evaluation of Water and Its Contaminants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The chemical structure of PFOA makes the compound extremely resistant to environmental and metabolic degradation. PFOA has been detected globally in the environment.689 It is well established that PFOA is readily absorbed via inhalation and ingestion. Routes of exposure in the general population remain unclear, although research suggests that diet is a potentially important source.690 PFOA is detected in the vast majority of serum samples from the U.S. and world populations.689 Once absorbed, PFOA is eliminated from the human body very slowly. Estimates of the serum half-life of PFOA range from 2.3 years in residents of a contaminated community to 3.8 years in retired fluorochemical workers.691,692 Some evidence suggests that PFOA concentrations in serum are declining, possibly due to reductions in use; however, the median serum concentrations remain around 4 μg/L in the U.S. population.692–694 PFOA exposure also has been linked to a variety of health impacts in animals, including increased cancer risk, adverse reproductive outcomes, and liver damage.689,695 Owing to a lack of data, health impacts of exposure in humans remain largely unknown.696
A practical method to remove perfluorooctanoic acid from aqueous media using layer double hydride system: a prospect for environmental remediation
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Ammara Ahmed, Jinxin Wang, Wenmin Wang, Chioma Joy Okonkwo, Na Liu
Over the past few decades, there has been a sharp increase in industrial discharge of pollutants into wastewater, increasing the demand for effective water treatment technologies [1,2]. Several emerging environmental pollutants pose a significant threat to the environment as well as to terrestrial and aquatic lives. The perfluoro-alkyl (PFCs) substances are among several contaminants that are accountable for the deterioration of freshwater bodies in the environment [3]. Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanoic sulfonated (PFOS) are the two most identified PFCs in all-natural media. Sources of PFOA and PFOS are various manufacturing processes used in the stain and textile industry, food packaging, customer products, fire-fighting material such as foams, and other formulations. Therefore, PFOA/PFOS residues have been detected in firefighter training sites, populated roads/highways, airports, mines, and in the discharge of wastewater treatment plants, among other locations [4]. Knowingly, the treatment of PFOA and PFOS contaminated water bodies and its remediation is a very challenging process [5]. In the past, several studies focused on remediation techniques for PFOS removal from environmental matrixes [6]. Additionally, residues of PFOA have been detected in wildlife animals and human fatty tissues. PFOA possesses a greater ability to accumulate in biological tissues [6]. PFOA has highly polarized carbon-fluorine bonds, which is one of the strongest bonds in organic chemistry. These properties render persistence and stability against natural environmental degradation [7].
Developing innovative treatment technologies for PFAS-containing wastes
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
Chelsea Berg, Brian Crone, Brian Gullett, Mark Higuchi, Max J. Krause, Paul M. Lemieux, Todd Martin, Erin P. Shields, Ed Struble, Eben Thoma, Andrew Whitehill
While ingestion of contaminated food has been identified as the primary PFOA exposure pathway for the general population, drinking water can become the primary exposure pathway in communities with contaminated water (Vestergren and Cousins 2009). To provide protection from long term exposure to PFOS and PFOA in drinking water, the U.S. EPA established drinking water health advisory concentration limits for PFOS and PFOA of 70 ng/L in 2016 (U.S. EPA 2016a, 2016b). To meet these limits, granular activated carbon (GAC) and anion exchange resins (AEX) have been utilized as treatment methods for separating PFAS from liquid streams, often at a fraction of the cost of other separation technologies such as nanofiltration and reverse osmosis (Dickenson and Higgins 2016). GAC and AEX are commonly used to separate PFAS from liquid streams during groundwater site remediation and manufacturing as well as drinking water treatment. GAC removes PFAS compounds from liquid by surface adsorption whereas AEX involves ion exchange onto a positively-charged surface. The surfaces of both materials become saturated over time and no longer able to remove PFAS. GAC can be regenerated but eventually loses its effectiveness and must be disposed. AEX resins used for treatment of PFAS may or may not be amenable to regeneration. Spent GAC and AEX are currently either landfilled or incinerated. The former may lead to PFAS ending up in the landfill leachate.
Decrease in evaporative loss of volatile fuels using new mixture of surfactants
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
Fateme Beiranvand, Hesam Najibi
Despite many researchers have tried to find a surfactant to reduce the evaporation loss of hydrocarbons; a suitable one, especially for gasoline, has not been found yet. Although the achievements of Dong-Bao and Jian-Hua (2004) and Magaril (2015) in reducing the evaporative loss of gasoline were a little promising; However, the Low effectiveness of additive used by Magaril (2015) and non-durability of the coating film used by Dong-Bao and Jian-Hua (2004) on the gasoline surface indicate that the efforts made in this field are still not enough. In addition, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), used by Dong-Bao and Jian-Hua (2004) as a covering layer, is a persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substance according to the European Chemicals Regulation (REACH EC No. 1907/2006). So, the Environmental Protection Agency and eight main manufacturers of fluorochemicals have agreed to eliminate the use of PFOA and related chemicals. (Verdia et al. 2016)