China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Persistent Organic Pollutants in Baltic Herring in the Gulf of Riga and Gulf of Finland (North-Eastern Baltic Sea)
Published in C. Guedes Soares, T.A. Santos, Progress in Maritime Technology and Engineering, 2018
L. Jarv, T. Raid, M. Simm, M. Radin, H. Kiviranta, P. Ruokojarvi
I he content of 13 analogues of PFAS—PFHpA (perfluoroheptanoic acid). PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid). PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid). PFDA (perfluorodecanoic acid). PFUnA (perfluoroundecanoic acid). PFDoA (perfluorododecanoic acid). PFIrA (perfluorotridecanoic acid). PFIeA (perfluorotetradecanoic acid). PFHxS (perfluorohexane sulfonate). PFHpS (perfluoroheptane sulfonate). PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate). and PFDS (perfluorodecane sulfonate). PFHxA (perfluorohexanoic acid). was examined. For quantitation prior to an extraction procedure mass labelled internal standards were added into freeze-dried fish samples. I he samples were extracted with ammonium acetate in methanol. and centrifuged. I he supernatants were collected. extracts were evaporated to dryness and filtered Ihe PFAS were analysed using liquid chromatography negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LCESI-MS/MS). Details of the LC-ESI-MS/MS parameters and quantitation have been presented earlier (Koponen et al. 2013). Measurement uncertainty of PFAS was 30%.
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
Published in Caitlin H. Bell, Margaret Gentile, Erica Kalve, Ian Ross, John Horst, Suthan Suthersan, Emerging Contaminants Handbook, 2019
Ian Ross, Erica Kalve, Jeff McDonough, Jake Hurst, Jonathan A L Miles, Tessa Pancras
Polymeric PFASs are high molecular weight structures that contain small repetitive perfluoroalkyl moieties polymerized together to form the fluoropolymer. OECD defines the polymeric PFASs group into three distinct groupings (OECD 2013): Fluoropolymers—In which the fluorine atoms are directly bound to the carbon backbone. Examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA) etc. PFCAs, such as PFOA (for PTFE) and PFNA (for PVDF), have been used extensively as processing aids in the polymerization process of certain types of fluoropolymers, with perfluoroalkyl ethers often now being used as the replacement chemistry (Prevedouros et al., 2006, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [RIVM] 2017a).Side-chain fluoropolymers—In which a perfluoroalkyl group is contained on the side chains and bound to a backbone of carbon with hydrogen substituents, so there is potential that some are PFAA precursors. Examples include fluorinated (meth)acrylate polymers and fluorinated urethanes. The rates associated with biotransformation of the polymers to create PFAAs has been studied, demonstrating PFAA formation (Russell et al. 2008; Washington et al. 2014; Washington et al. 2015).Perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs)—Comprise fluorinated polymers with a backbone of ether-linked carbon atoms, with the fluorine atoms directly attached to the carbon atoms. They cannot degrade to PFAAs, but PFAAs may be used in manufacturing or present as potential impurities (DTSC 2018).
Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA)
Published in Mark S. Johnson, Michael J. Quinn, Marc A. Williams, Allison M. Narizzano, Understanding Risk to Wildlife from Exposures to Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS), 2021
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is a nine-carbon per- polyfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS). Male and female rats cleared PFNA in 30 and 2.44 days, respectively (Ohmori et al. 2003). No acute toxicity data in rodents were identified for PFNA.
The transplacental transfer efficiency of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a first meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Mareike Appel, Martin Forsthuber, Romualdo Ramos, Raimund Widhalm, Sebastian Granitzer, Maria Uhl, Markus Hengstschläger, Tanja Stamm, Claudia Gundacker
The most frequently detected PFAS in humans, according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), are PFOS, PFOA, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). According to a recent risk assessment, adverse health effects attributed to PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA include decreased response to vaccination, increased liver weight, disturbances in lipid metabolism and reduced fetal weight and/or postnatal growth (EFSA 2020). Similarly, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US.EPA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) concluded that PFAS may exert an impact on birth weight (US.EPA. 2016, 2019) and that PFOA affects fetal growth (ATSDR 2021). Systematic reviews and original investigations found evidence that PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS are associated with lower average birth weight (Alkhalawi et al. 2016; Bach et al. 2015), while exposure to PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA during pregnancy may be associated with increased risk of preterm birth, miscarriage, and preeclampsia (Gao et al. 2021).
Correlation between mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and length of perfluorinated compounds
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Perfluorinated compounds (PFC) are a class of chemicals containing only carbon-fluorine bonds and carbon-carbon bonds. PFC has been used in numerous industrial and home products, such as carpets, clothing, food packaging, and nonstick coatings (Corsini et al. 2014). As PFC is extremely stable and slowly degraded, these chemicals were detected in environment and may lead to potential adverse health effects in humans and wildlife (Lei et al. 2015). Previous investigators demonstrated that PFC produce immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and metabolic abnormalities (Berntsen et al. 2017; Grandjean and Budtz-Jørgensen 2013, Zhou et al. 2016). Among PFC family, perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have been widely used in large quantities in a number of applications including surface coatings and water- and oil resistance since the 1950s (Wu et al. 2015). However, the use of PFOA and PFOS has been reduced in the last years. As a consequence of indiscriminate use and potential adverse effects, PFOA and PFOS were substituted with other PFC, such as perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA). Consequently, human levels of the latter compounds have been found to be increasing (Lindh et al. 2012).
Nexus between perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) and human thyroid dysfunction: A systematic review evidenced from laboratory investigations and epidemiological studies
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Weiping Xie, Wei Zhong, Brice M. R. Appenzeller, Jianqing Zhang, Muhammad Junaid, Nan Xu
PFCs are found ubiquitously in multiple environmental compartments such as air, soil, water, sediment, biota, and humans throughout the world (Byrne et al., 2018; Giesy & Kannan, 2001; Li et al., 2018; Maestri et al., 2006; Shi et al., 2010). Recent biomonitoring studies showed elevated levels of PFCs and their substantial bioaccumulation and biomagnification throughout food chains in top predatory species all over the world (Cerveny et al., 2018; Chen, Bai, et al., 2018; Salice et al., 2018). Moreover, the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the Arctic, Antarctica, and Tibet Plateau, far from possible anthropogenic sources, hints at the long-range transport potential of PFCs (Cai et al., 2012; Li et al., 2018; Shi et al., 2010). Exposure to PFCs can persist for decades, thereby making them a potential threat to human and ecological health. Long elimination half-lives of PFOS and PFOA (approximately 5.4 and 3.8 years, respectively) have been observed in human serum samples. Several other studies have also highlighted similar findings for other PFCs, such as perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) (Gaillard et al., 2017; Olsen et al., 2007; Pi et al., 2017). Owing to their ubiquitous and toxic nature, PFOS and PFOA are globally regulated. In 2009, the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) included PFOS and its salts, and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF) in the list of Annex B (Stockholm Convention, 2009). Recently, PFOA and its salts were listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention (Stockholm Convention, 2019).