China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Additive Manufacturing and Its Polymeric Feedstocks
Published in Antonio Paesano, Handbook of Sustainable Polymers for Additive Manufacturing, 2022
The commercial and experimental polymers for PBF comprise commodity, engineering, and high-performance polymers (Figure 2.7), and provide a broad range of property values and price, which can attract formulators of alternative PBF feedstocks made of SPs. Examples of commercial polymers for PBF are:Commodity polymers: HDPE, and PP, supplied by Diamond Plastics (Germany), PP sold by EOS (Germany) as PP 1101, PS, which is the only commercial amorphous PBF polymer, commercialized as CastForm PS (3D Systems, USA) and PrimeCast101® (EOS).Engineering polymers: these are the most preferred, and include mostly PAs, particularly PA 12 (the number 12 refers to the number of carbon atoms included in the monomer), marketed as PA2200 and DuraForm® PA12 by EOS and 3D Systems respectively, and both based on Vestosint® PA 12 produced by Evonik (Germany). Other engineering polymers are PA 6, available from Solvay, and PA 11, sold by ALM (USA), EOS, and Stratasys. Interestingly, Arkema (France) produces biobased PA 11 under commercial name of Rilsan® from castor oil (Arkema 2020) that is 100% renewable, and represents the base material for PBF powders provided by the following suppliers of PBF powders: ALM (PA D80-ST, FR106, PA 850 Nat, PA 850-Black, PA 860), EOS (PA1101, PA1102), 3D Systems (DuraForm® EX, DuraForm® EX Black). Table 2.8 contains the major properties of commercial powders for PBF made from Rilsan®. TP elastomers (TPE), namely DuraForm® Flex (3D Systems), and PrimePart® ST PEBA 2301 (EOS), and urethanes (TPU), namely Luvosint X92A-1, and X92A-2 (Material Data Center n.d.) are also available.High-performance polymers: PEEK, commercialized by EOS as PEEK HP3, and based on PEEK formulated by Victrex (UK), and Kepstan® PEKK developed by Arkema (Arkema n.d.). PEKK and PEEK are semi-crystalline, expensive TPs combining high mechanical strength and temperature stability for demanding engineering applications.
Review on 3D printing in dentistry: conventional to personalized dental care
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Shadaan Ahmad, Nazeer Hasan, Akash Gupta, Arif Nadaf, Lubna Ahmad, Mohd. Aqil, Prashant Kesharwani
PEKK or also known as poly-ether-ketone-ketone is a polymer with a similar ketone group as peek, the only difference being the number of ketone groups attached to PEKK are more in comparison to peek, also due to this ketone group PEKK was found to be more compressible (75% more) than peek [40]. They both come from a parent compound known as PAEK which stands for poly-aryl-ether-ketone which has a high molecular weight polyethylene. PEKK and peek both have an aromatic ring but the difference in ketone groups gives PEKK more temperature durability and structural strength, PEKK exhibits both crystalline and amorphous behaviour and parameters like hardness and elasticity can be improved by using fillers like titanium oxide as discussed earlier [44].