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Flexible Thin-Film Lithium-Ion Batteries
Published in Ye Zhang, Lie Wang, Yang Zhao, Huisheng Peng, Flexible Batteries, 2022
Ye Zhang, Lie Wang, Yang Zhao, Huisheng Peng
The first time lithium-ion batteries came into public sight was in 1990 when Sony Inc. announced a novel rechargeable battery that used LiCoO2 as the cathode and a tailor-made carbonaceous material as the anode. Since its commercialization in the 1990s, lithium-ion batteries have been widely used as power supplies for various electronics, from mobile phones and laptops to electric vehicles [1,2]. In comparison with other secondary batteries (Figure 2.1), lithium-ion batteries are endowed with high energy density, high working voltage, and long cycling life, securing their leading position over competitors such as lead-acid, nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), and nickel-hydride (Ni-MH) batteries. Therefore, with the rapid development of wearable and implantable electronics, lithium-ion batteries are considered a viable option for such applications. However, the basic principles of lithium-ion batteries and the functions of different components should be first introduced in this section.
Recent advances on hydrometallurgical recovery of critical and precious elements from end of life electronic wastes - a review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
Manivannan Sethurajan, Eric D. van Hullebusch, Danilo Fontana, Ata Akcil, Haci Deveci, Bojan Batinic, João P. Leal, Teresa A. Gasche, Mehmet Ali Kucuker, Kerstin Kuchta, Isabel F. F. Neto, Helena M. V. M. Soares, Andrzej Chmielarz
Spent NiMH (nickel-hydride) battery scrap is a valuable material for recovery of cobalt and REEs. It is worth to mention that the battery used in hybrid cars contains 3 kg of REEs and 1.5 kg of Co for 11 kg nickel content. Mechanical or thermo-mechanical processing (grinding, separation, roasting) of this waste leads usually to separation of the most valuable fraction often called “black mass.” The black mass is susceptible for hydrometallurgy. Typical elemental composition of the black mass contain from 5 to 15% of REEs, 2–6% of Co, and also other metals like Ni (29–51%), Zn (1–8%) and Mn (2–8%) (Innocenzi & Vegliò, 2012; Becker et al., 2016; Petranikova, Herdzik-Koniecko, Steenari, & Ekberg, 2017).