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Bioprospecting of Lignin Valorization by Microbes and Lignolytic Enzymes for the Production of Value-Added Chemicals
Published in Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh, Lata Nain, Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes, 2023
Anamika Sharma, Rameshwar Tiwari, Lata Nain
Cis, cis-Muconic acid (MA) is another valuable platform chemical used as a precursor molecule to produce various polymers and drugs, including adipic acid and terephthalic acid (Choi et al., 2020). Bio-based MA production, especially from biomass and derived lignin, has also drawn interest by using microbes that can tolerate and metabolize aromatic compounds. The MA branch in the β-ketoadipate pathway inside Corynebacterium glutamicum can convert aromatic compounds to catechol and further enters the TCA cycle through acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA (Becker et al., 2018). Metabolically engineered C. glutamicum strain, which lacks catB and enhanced expression of catA, can produce 85 g/L of MA from catechol and 1.8 g/L of MA from hydrothermally depolymerized softwood lignin (Becker et al., 2018). Similar to C. glutamicum¸ the β-ketoadipate pathway was engineered in P. putida to produce MA from aromatic compound 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) and vanillin (Sonoki et al., 2014; Sonoki et al., 2018). Other microbes like Amycolatopsis spp. (Barton et al., 2018) and Enterobacter cloacae (Johnson et al., 2016) are also used to produce MA from lignin or lignin-derived compounds.
Advancements in Extremozymes and their Potential Applications in Biorefinery
Published in Pratibha Dheeran, Sachin Kumar, Extremophiles, 2022
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVSc1 strain, equipped with a synthetic genetic circuit, containing heat shock protein and superoxide dismutase from Thermus thermophiles HB8 and Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4, can grow well at 42°C and produces significantly more ethanol than its wild type. It is noteworthy to mention that alcohol dehydrogenases from extremophiles have been proved to be an excellent catalyst to produce butanol using cell-free systems. Metabolically engineered P. putida KT2440 MA-9 has been designed to produce cis and cis-muconic acid by using hydrothermally depolymerized lignin aromatics as a source, which is hydrogenated to form adipic acid and finally polymerized into nylon (Kohlstedt et al. 2018).
Bio-Sourced Epoxy Monomers and Polymers
Published in A. Pizzi, K. L. Mittal, Handbook of Adhesive Technology, 2017
Sylvain Caillol, Bernard Boutevin, Jean-Pierre Pascault
One route for biobased building blocks involves chemical degradation and transformation of natural polymers. Considering their aromatic, polymeric, and renewable properties and vast supply, lignin sources of lignocellulosic biomass undoubtedly represent a significant sustainable feedstock for chemicals [93]. However, the depolymerization of lignin into chemically useful fragments is not a mature technology. For example, different processes used in biorefineries lead only to primary synthons such as vanillin (VN), 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid, and p-coumarylic, coniferic, sinapylic, and muconic acid [34].
Chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass: A critical comparison between biochemical, microwave and thermochemical conversion methods
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Iris K. M. Yu, Huihui Chen, Felix Abeln, Hadiza Auta, Jiajun Fan, Vitaly L. Budarin, James H. Clark, Sophie Parsons, Christopher J. Chuck, Shicheng Zhang, Gang Luo, Daniel C.W Tsang
While the compounds discussed above are the most developed to date, a range of alternative platforms for chemical manufacture are recently at, or very close to, commercialization. These include muconic acid, fumaric acid, isobutanol, artemisinic acid, acrylic acid, fatty acids, triglycerides and fatty alcohols, vanillin, resveratrol, saffron, stevia, valencene, nootkatone, cephalexin, adipic acid, sabacic acid, hexamethylenediamine, amino acids, alternative diols, mandelic acid, isoprene, butenes as well as a range of biopolymers such as polyhydroxylalkanoates (Tables 3 and 4).