China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chemistry of Contaminants
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
Carbon monoxide is one of the most common causes of fatal air poisoning (USDHH 2009). When inhaled, carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin to produce carboxyhemoglobin. A condition known as anoxemia arises because carboxyhemoglobin cannot deliver oxygen to body tissues efficiently. Exposure to high levels of carbon monoxide may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, lethargy, seizures, coma, and even death (USDHH 2009). Concentrations of less than 700 parts per million of CO may cause up to 50% of the body's hemoglobin to convert to carboxyhemoglobin. In the United States, OSHA has established a long-term exposure standard for carbon monoxide at 50 parts per million (United States Department of Labor 2021). Carbon monoxide is created when fuel is not burned completely. From 1980 to 2016, there was a decrease of greater than 80% in carbon dioxide in the United States. This decrease was attributed to improved air pollution control equipment for stationary and mobile sources of air pollution (USEPA 2021b).
The Atmosphere and the Chemistry of Air
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
Carbon monoxide, like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide, is a gas that is created by the combustion of fossil fuels. Carbon monoxide, CO, is produced by the incomplete combustion of wood, coal, natural gas, oil, gasoline, kerosene, and tobacco. It is colorless and odorless. It is especially toxic because hemoglobin, the transporter molecule in the blood, preferentially binds with carbon monoxide (to form carboxyhemoglobin) instead of the oxygen molecule (to form oxyhemoglobin). In fact, carbon monoxide has an affinity for hemoglobin that is roughly 200 times stronger than oxygen. The net result is oxygen deprivation for the human body. The immediate symptoms are impaired brain and vision function, followed by irregular heartbeat, headaches, nausea, weakness, fatigue, and eventual death.
Environmental Impacts of Biofuel-Fired Small Boilers and Gasifiers
Published in Mateusz Szubel, Mariusz Filipowicz, Biomass in Small-Scale Energy Applications: Theory and Practice, 2019
Jozef Viglasky, Juraj Klukan, Nadezda Langova
Carbon monoxide poisoning: Carbon monoxide is a major constituent of producer gas and is by far the most common cause of gas poisoning. It is particularly insidious owing to its lack of color or smell. The accepted threshold limit value (TLV) is 50 ppm CO (0.005 vol.%), although concentration and exposure are closely linked. There is extensive documentation available on the effects, treatment, and controls laid down by the relevant statutory authorities. Since carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless gas, it may be detected only through instrumentation, and personal detectors are necessary when working in confined spaces. All operating personnel should be aware of the hazards presented by the gas. The best way of avoiding the risk of CO poisoning is to build the gas generator in the open with the minimum of containment and with adequate ventilation, particularly where gases may collect.
Experimental investigation of algae biofuel–diesel blends on performance of a CRDI diesel engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
N. Indrareddy, K. Venkateswarlu, Ramakrishna Konijeti
Figure 5 shows variations of carbon monoxide with load for different fuels at various injection pressures. Compared to diesel, both the blends B10 and B15 show lower CO emissions. The emission of carbon monoxide depends on the fuel's oxygen content and cetane number. Biodiesel has more oxygen content than diesel fuel. Biodiesel blends are therefore involved in the complete combustion. From the figure, it is found that the use of biodiesel resulted in 20.27% average decrease of CO at a fuel injection pressure of 600 as compared to that of neat diesel. Carbon monoxide is a by-product of incomplete combustion and it is produced from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds, it forms when there is insufficient oxygen to produce CO2. This condition is referred to as a rich fuel condition. Since CO emissions are caused by a rich mixture and the increased injection force of the fuel contributes to leaner mixtures. When the fuel injection pressure is increased from 600 to 1050 bar, the CO emissions decrease by 27.24% for all the fuels. The results of Mikulski, Duda, and Wierzbicki (2016) demonstrate that the CO emissions reduce in the range of 16–47% when the biodiesel concentration is increased in the blend from 25% to 75% in a CRDI engine.
Microwave-assisted synthesis of gold nanoparticles supported on Mn3O4 catalyst for low temperature CO oxidation
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Moataz Morad, Mohammad A. Karim, Hatem M. Altass, Abd El Rahman S. Khder
In the last decades, as a result of the rise of the environmental pollutions accompanied with many industrial applications, heterogeneous catalysis was found to be very important [1–3]. In the gas phase, the control of exhaust emissions is one of the top priorities facing society as it represents the main source of air pollution. Environmental regulations require strict rules to control the dangerous industrial emissions that cause pollution. One of the most important harmful air pollutants is carbon monoxide gas, which causes a serious risk to public health. According to environmental regulations, as well as economic aspects, eliminating carbon monoxide through complete oxidation using solid catalysts are the most efficient way. Therefore, the search for cheap, efficient, durable and high-tolerance solid catalysts in oxidizing carbon monoxide at low temperatures is one of the great challenges facing researchers in this field.
Effect of methane enrichment on the performance of a dual fuel CI engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
A. Vijin Prabhu, R. Manimaran, P. Jeba, R. Babu
Figure 5 depicts the variation in the CO emissions and engine load (%) developed by the engine while operating on fuel such as diesel, raw biogas, partially purified biogas and purified biogas. Carbon monoxide is generated in an engine as a product of incomplete combustion due to deficiency of oxygen in the fuel (Pradhan, Raheman, and Padhee 2014, Bora et al. 2014). The CO emissions under DFM is higher than diesel mode for all load condition (Bora et al. 2014, Bora and Saha 2016, Korakianitis, Namasivayam, and Crookes 2011). The CO emission at 100% load for diesel, raw biogas, partially purified biogas and purified biogas is found to be 0.22%, 0.28%, 0.32% and 0.19%, respectively as compared to 0.09%, 0.085%, 0.136% and 0.149% at no load. More amount of fuel has to be supplied at a higher load hence the air–fuel mixture becomes too rich and suffers complete combustion after a particular load (Bora et al. 2014). When the air–fuel mixture is getting lean or stoichiometric, the CO emission is rapidly reduced on condition that sufficient amounts of oxygen for complete combustion is provided (Szwaja et al. 2013).