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Green Healthcare for Smart Cities
Published in Pradeep Tomar, Gurjit Kaur, Green and Smart Technologies for Smart Cities, 2019
Prabhjot Singh, Varun Dixit, Jaspreet Kaur
In nuclear imaging short-lived isotopes, which emit radiation, are consumed by the patients. The radiation is then measured by the gamma camera to capture images of the inside of the body. Scintigraphy produces 2D images, while SPECT and PET technologies produce 3D images (Medical Imaging Equipment Study 2017). Molybdenum-99/Technetium-99m are commonly used isotopes in almost two-thirds of all diagnostic medical isotope procedures that occur in the United States (Medical Isotope Production 2009). Due to the nature of Mo-99 decay in transit, the supply is generally 50% above the demand (Radioisotopes in Medicine 2019). Proper radioactive waste management procedures need to be implemented and followed to avoid any unintentional exposure to radioactive material.
Chapter 6 Radioisotopes and Nuclear Medicine
Published in B H Brown, R H Smallwood, D C Barber, P V Lawford, D R Hose, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, 2017
The easiest way to produce isotopes of high specific activity is to bombard a substance with neutrons and so produce nuclear reactions; the example given in the previous section, where 14C was produced by cosmic neutrons interacting with nitrogen, was a nuclear reaction. Molybdenum-99 (99Mo) is produced by the interaction of neutrons with the stable isotope molybdenum-98:
PHWR Reactivity Device Incremental Macroscopic Cross Sections and Reactivities for a Molybdenum-Producing Bundle and a Standard Bundle
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2022
In diagnostic nuclear medicine, a radiopharmaceutical consisting of a radioactive atom bound to a substrate molecule is administered to a patient to obtain functional information about the patient’s organs and to diagnose various medical conditions. Technetium-99 m (99mTc) is the most commonly used radionuclide in diagnostic nuclear medicine, 99mTc is produced from the radioactive decay of its parent nuclide, molybdenum-99 (99Mo). 99mTc is used in approximately 30 million procedures per year, accounting for 80% of all nuclear medicine diagnostic procedures worldwide.1 Neither 99Mo nor its daughter product, 99mTc, exist naturally. The parent nuclide, 99Mo, is most commonly produced through the fission of uranium-235 (235U) in nuclear reactors with a fission yield of 6.1% (Ref. 2). 99Mo has a half-life of ~4 days, which means that it reaches saturation activity in ~20 days, after which it needs to be harvested.3
Startup Test Plan and Predictions for Highly Enriched Uranium to Low-Enriched Uranium Fuel Conversion at the University of Missouri Research Reactor
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2021
Wilson Cowherd, John Stillman, Leslie Foyto, Erik Wilson, Kiratadas Kutikkad, Nickie Peters, John Gahl
Three typical sample materials irradiated in the flux trap were chosen for reactivity measurement predictions: molybdenum, titanium, and TheraSphereTM. Irradiation of molybdenum produces 99Mo by an (n,Δ) metal reaction. Molybdenum-99 has a 66-h half-life and decays by beta emission to 99mTc (t1/2 = 6 h), which is a highly sought-after medical isotope for diagnostic and imaging functions.19 Titanium is the standard material used for reactivity hold down to meet MURR’s Technical Specifications requirement that the maximum reactivity for center flux trap experiments not exceed 0.006 Δk/k (Ref. 16). TheraSphere20 is a radiopharmaceutical product that has been produced for many years at MURR, in collaboration with Boston Scientific, for the treatment of liver cancer. The TheraSphere product consists of glass microspheres containing 90Y, a beta emitter with an average decay energy of 0.9367 MeV. All three samples have a long history of irradiation at MURR.
New Compact Neutron Generator System for Multiple Applications
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2020
Molybdenum-99 is the world’s most important medical isotope because of the wide use of its daughter nuclide 99mTc, which serves as a medical tracer in diagnostic procedures. It has been shown that a useful quantity of 99Mo can be generated by using the 98Mo(n,)99Mo or 100Mo(n,2n)99Mo reaction in a compact neutron generator.7 By using a specially designed E × B filter arrangement, the Mo target can be enriched with both 98Mo and 100Mo isotopes.5 If this mixture of 98Mo and 100Mo sample is now used in the compact neutron generator operated with the D-7Li reaction, 99Mo can be produced by the 10-MeV, 13-MeV, and epithermal neutrons. The 99Mo yield is about a factor of 2 higher than that by using a 100% enriched 98Mo or 100Mo target alone.5