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Introduction to Radiative Transfer
Published in John R. Howell, M. Pinar Mengüç, Kyle Daun, Robert Siegel, Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer, 2020
John R. Howell, M. Pinar Mengüç, Kyle Daun, Robert Siegel
Another Second Law concept that impacts radiative transfer is microscopic reversibility. Loosely stated, microscopic reversibility requires a process that has been reduced to its simplest and deterministic form to be reversible. This is because irreversibility arises from random processes, and, in the absence of randomness, the process must be reversible. For example, suppose a gas molecule undergoes adiabatic scattering (reflection) at a perfectly smooth surface; its incident direction and energy can be exactly determined from its scattered direction and energy by applying conservation of linear momentum. Because this process is deterministic, it must also be reversible, so, were the scattered molecule to “reverse course,” it would recreate the incident trajectory. Were the scattering influenced by the random thermal motion of the surface, it would only be possible to calculate a distribution of probable incident trajectories, and the interaction would be irreversible.
M
Published in Carl W. Hall, Laws and Models, 2018
MICHAELIS-MENTEN LAW (1913) A method developed for determining the rate of enzymatic reaction in relation to the concentration of the substrate. This method evolved from the Michaelis-Menten equation, named after L. Michaelis and his assistant. Keywords: concentration, enzymatic, substrate MICHAELIS, Leonor, 1875-1949, German American chemist MENTEN, Maud Lenore, 1879-1960, American physician Source: Gillispie, C. C. 1981. See also ENZYME; FISCHER; NORTHRUP; SCHTZ; WILHELMY MICROSCOPIC REVERSIBILITY, LAW OF The pathway and transition states are the same for forward and reverse reactions. Keywords: forward, pathway, reverse, transition Source: Landau, S. I. 1986. MILLER EFFECT (ELECTRONICS) In a vacuum tube, the increase in the effective grid-cathode capacitance is due to the charge induced electrostatically on the grid by the anode through the grid-anode capacitance. Keywords: capacitance, cathode, electrostatically, grid Sources: Michels, W. C. 1956; Morris, C. G. 1992. MILLER LAW (CRYSTAL); LAW OF RATIONAL INTERCEPTS (1839) If the edges formed by the intersections of three faces of a crystal are taken as the three references axes, then the three quantities formed by dividing the intercept of a fourth face with one of these axis by the intercept of a fifth face with the same axis are proportional to small whole number. Keywords: axis, crystal, intersections MILLER, William Hallowes, 1801-1880, English minerologist Sources: Ballentyne, D. W. G. and Lovett, D. R. 1972; Lapedes, D. 1982; Parker, S. 1989. 1994. See also DE LA RUE AND MILLER; WEISS ZONE MINER LAW OR RULE--SEE LINEAR DAMAGE; ODQUIST
Urea methanolysis mechanism: a computational study
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
A.Ya. Samuilov, Ya.D. Samuilov
In accordance with the principle of microscopic reversibility, forward and reverse reactions must proceed through the same intermediates and transition states. The principle of microscopic reversibility was used by the authors of [23] to study the mechanism of formation of N,O-diphenylcarbamate during phenolysis of substituted ureas. The reaction of phenyl isocyanate with a mixture of p-chloroaniline and n-butylamine leads to the formation of a mixture of N-phenyl-N1-p-chlorophenylurea and N-phenyl-N1-n-butylurea: